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What causes volcanic hotspots?
What causes volcanic hotspots?
What causes volcanic hotspots?
Mantle plume [1]
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth’s mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism.[2] Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii or Iceland, and large igneous provinces such as the Deccan and Siberian Traps. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, while others represent unusually large-volume volcanism near plate boundaries.
Jason Morgan in 1971 and 1972.[4] A mantle plume is posited to exist where super-heated material forms (nucleates) at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth’s mantle. Rather than a continuous stream, plumes should be viewed as a series of hot bubbles of material.[5] Reaching the brittle upper Earth’s crust they form diapirs.[6] These diapirs are “hotspots” in the crust
However, paleomagnetic data show that mantle plumes can also be associated with Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs)[7] and do move relative to each other.[8]. The current mantle plume theory is that material and energy from Earth’s interior are exchanged with the surface crust in two distinct and largely independent convective flows:
Hot Spot Volcanism [2]
A hot spot is fed by a region deep within the Earth’s mantle from which heat rises through the process of convection. This heat facilitates the melting of rock at the base of the lithosphere, where the brittle, upper portion of the mantle meets Earth’s crust
Hot spot volcanism is unique because it does not occur at the boundaries of Earth’s tectonic plates, where all other volcanism occurs. Instead it occurs at abnormally hot centers known as mantle plumes
As the plume head reaches the lithosphere, it spreads into a mushroom shape that reaches roughly 500 to 1,000 kilometers (310 to 621 miles) in diameter. Scientists have different theories about where hot spots form
Mantle plume [3]
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth’s mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism.[2] Because the plume head partially melts on reaching shallow depths, a plume is often invoked as the cause of volcanic hotspots, such as Hawaii or Iceland, and large igneous provinces such as the Deccan and Siberian Traps. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, while others represent unusually large-volume volcanism near plate boundaries.
Jason Morgan in 1971 and 1972.[4] A mantle plume is posited to exist where super-heated material forms (nucleates) at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth’s mantle. Rather than a continuous stream, plumes should be viewed as a series of hot bubbles of material.[5] Reaching the brittle upper Earth’s crust they form diapirs.[6] These diapirs are “hotspots” in the crust
However, paleomagnetic data show that mantle plumes can also be associated with Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs)[7] and do move relative to each other.[8]. The current mantle plume theory is that material and energy from Earth’s interior are exchanged with the surface crust in two distinct and largely independent convective flows:
Hotspot (geology) [4]
In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle.[1] Examples include the Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone hotspots. A hotspot’s position on the Earth’s surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries, and so hotspots may create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them.
One suggests that hotspots are due to mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core–mantle boundary.[2] The alternative plate theory is that the mantle source beneath a hotspot is not anomalously hot, rather the crust above is unusually weak or thin, so that lithospheric extension permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths.[3][4]. The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work of J
At any place where volcanism is not linked to a constructive or destructive plate margin, the concept of a hotspot has been used to explain its origin. A review article by Courtillot et al.[8] listing possible hotspots makes a distinction between primary hotspots coming from deep within the mantle and secondary hotspots derived from mantle plumes
What is a hotspot and how do you know it’s there? [5]
Most volcanic eruptions occur near the boundaries of tectonic plates, but there are some exceptions. In the interior of some tectonic plates, magma has been erupting from a relatively fixed spot below the plate for millions of years
The island of Hawai‘i currently sits above the active hotspot, while a chain of older (and no longer active) island volcanoes extend to the northwest, in the direction of plate movement. A few hotspots (like the one in Iceland) have also been found at diverging plate boundaries.
A frequently-used hypothesis suggests that hotspots form over exceptionally hot regions in the mantle, which is the hot, flowing layer of the Earth beneath the crust. Mantle rock in those extra-hot regions is more buoyant than the surrounding rocks, so it rises through the mantle and crust to erupt at the surface.
Geology (U.S. National Park Service) [6]
The Pacific Northwest of the United States has a variety of active tectonic settings, including plate convergence at the Cascadia Subduction Zone and divergence in the Basin and Range Continental Rift Zone. But superimposed on these active tectonic features is a line of volcanic activity stretching from the Columbia Plateau of eastern Oregon and Washington all the way to the Yellowstone Plateau at the intersection of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana.
Letters are abbreviations for NPS sites listed below. Sites in the the Columbia Plateau of Oregon and Washington, the Snake River Plain of Idaho, and the Yellowstone Plateau of Wyoming lie along the track of the Yellowstone Hotspot that is currently beneath Yellowstone National Park.
Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172.. – CRMO—Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho—[Geodiversity Atlas] [Park Home]
Teachers (U.S. National Park Service) [7]
– Upper Elementary: Third Grade through Fifth Grade. Students will be able to explain the basics of the mantle plume theory.
Students will be able to name key cities and geologic features of Idaho.. Students learn about the Mantle Plume Theory, plate tectonics, and Idaho geography by experimenting with a map of Idaho
For example, California’s famous San Andreas fault is formed where two tectonic plates come together and slide by each other. The tension that is created along the fault is periodically released, like a rubberband stretched to its breaking point, resulting in earthquakes
Reading: Hot Spots [8]
In geology, the places known as hotspots or hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. They may be on, near to, or far from tectonic plate boundaries
One suggests that they are due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary. An alternative hypothesis postulates that it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism, but lithospheric extension that permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths
Well known examples include Hawaii and Yellowstone.. The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work of J
Hot Spots – Geology 101 for Lehman College (CUNY) [9]
In geology, the places known as hotspots or hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. They may be on, near to, or far from tectonic plate boundaries.
One suggests that they are due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary. An alternative hypothesis postulates that it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism, but lithospheric extension that permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths
Well known examples include Hawaii and Yellowstone.. The origins of the concept of hotspots lie in the work of J
What is a hotspot volcano? : Ocean Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research [10]
In much the same way that plumes rise buoyantly in a lava lamp, plumes of mantle magma (molten rock) are theorized to rise buoyantly from a source within Earth’s deep mantle. When such a plume rises into the shallow mantle, it partially melts and the melt may then rise to the surface where it can erupt as a hotspot volcano
Mantle plumes that form hotspots are thought to be relatively stationary whereas the overlying tectonic plates typically are not. Thus, as a plate moves over the location of a plume eruption, it carries successively older volcanoes with it
Eventually the hotspot volcanoes become extinct, gradually subside, and are eroded by wave action. Over geologic time, these processes produce lines of islands, atolls, and seamounts known as hotspot tracks, or chains
Sources
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_plume#:~:text=Because%20the%20plume%20head%20partially,the%20Deccan%20and%20Siberian%20Traps.
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/hot-spot-volcanism/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_plume
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)
- https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-a-hotspot-and-how-do-you-know-its-there
- https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/plate-tectonics-continental-hotspots.htm
- https://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/hot-spot-3-5.htm
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-hot-spots-2/
- https://pressbooks.cuny.edu/gorokhovich/chapter/hot-spots/
- https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/volcanic-hotspot.html
