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AP World Review: Video #22: Bantu Migrations
AP World Review: Video #22: Bantu Migrations
AP World Review: Video #22: Bantu Migrations
Bantu Migration [1]
The Bantu Migration from their origins in southern West Africa saw a gradual population movement sweep through the central, eastern, and southern parts of the continent starting in the mid-2nd millennium BCE and finally ending before 1500 CE. With them, the Bantu brought new technologies and skills such as cultivating high-yield crops and iron-working which produced more efficient tools and weapons.
In all, some 500 languages spoken today in that vast area are derived from the Proto-Bantu language. Although most historians would agree on the general occurrence of the Bantu migrations across Africa, the precise timings, motivations, routes, and consequences are all still being debated.
Their heartland was the savannah and rain forest regions around the Niger River of southern West Africa (modern Nigeria, Cameroon, and Gabon). Using both stone and iron tools, they successfully grew crops such as millet, sorghum, dry rice, beans, oil palms, and melons, although they did so at a subsistence level, that is they grew only sufficient crops to meet their own needs
Africa: Human Geography [2]
Africa is sometimes nicknamed the “Mother Continent” as it’s the oldest inhabited continent on Earth.. Geology, Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography, Social Studies, World History
It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator. The continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Comoros.
The origin of the name “Africa” is greatly disputed by scholars. Most believe it stems from words used by the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans
Chapter 5: Transition 2: Modelling the peopling of an already inhabited territory: the case of expanding Bantu populations and Central African forest foragers [3]
Chapter 5: Transition 2: Modelling the peopling of an already inhabited territory: the case of expanding Bantu populations and Central African forest foragers. Keywords :Bantu, complexity, emergence, interaction, linguistics, migration, modelling, multi-agent system, Neolithic, simulation
It concerns the expansion of the Bantu-speaking populations, which began between 4,000 and 5,000 years ago. This expansion is connected with the development of agriculture and saw an encounter between the Bantu and communities of Central African forest foragers who lived in the ‘rainforest’.
3We first describe the Bantu migrations and their geographic and environmental context. We next supply elements regarding the Central African forest foragers, and we reflect on the first contacts between these populations and their possible consequences
The migration history of Bantu-speaking people: genomics reveals the benefits of admixture and sheds new light on slave trade [4]
During a wave of expansion that began 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations – today some 310 million people – gradually left their original homeland of West-Central Africa and traveled to the eastern and southern regions of the continent. Using data from a vast genomic analysis of more than 2,000 samples taken from individuals in 57 populations throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS, together with a broad international consortium, have retraced the migratory routes of these populations, previously a source of debate
Finally, by analyzing the genomes of more than 5,000 African-Americans, the scientists have identified the genetic origins of African populations deported as slaves, and confirmed that the Bight of Benin and West-Central Africa were the main ports used for the slave trade to North America. This research was published on May 5 in the journal Science.
Mastering this new skill enabled Bantu speakers, previously hunter-gatherers living in the region between Cameroon and Nigeria, to gradually leave their homeland and spread to new areas. This was the start of a millennia-long journey that resulted in these populations settling throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.
Africa: Human Geography [5]
Africa is sometimes nicknamed the “Mother Continent” as it’s the oldest inhabited continent on Earth.. Geology, Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography, Social Studies, World History
It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator. The continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and Comoros.
The origin of the name “Africa” is greatly disputed by scholars. Most believe it stems from words used by the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans
Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa [6]
Ananyo Choudhury and others, Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa, Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 30, Issue R1, 1 March 2021, Pages R56–R63, https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddaa274. The presence of Early and Middle Stone Age human remains and associated archeological artifacts from various sites scattered across southern Africa, suggests this geographic region to be one of the first abodes of anatomically modern humans
These migrations have led to a confluence of four distinct ancestries (San hunter-gatherer, East-African pastoralist, Bantu-speaker farmer and Eurasian) in populations from this region. In this review, we have summarized the recent insights into the refinement of timelines and routes of the migration of Bantu-speaking populations to southern Africa and their admixture with resident southern African Khoe-San populations
We also accentuate whole genome sequencing studies (current and ancient) that have both enhanced our understanding of the peopling of southern Africa and demonstrated a huge potential for novel variant discovery in populations from this region. Finally, we identify some of the major gaps and inconsistencies in our understanding and emphasize the importance of more systematic studies of southern African populations from diverse ethnolinguistic groups and geographic locations.
Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion [7]
Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion. The expansion of Bantu languages represents one of the most momentous events in the history of Africa
Two main models of Bantu expansion have been suggested: The ‘early-split’ model claims that the most recent ancestor of Eastern languages expanded north of the rainforest towards the Great Lakes region approximately 4000 ya, while the ‘late-split’ model proposes that Eastern languages diversified from Western languages south of the rainforest approximately 2000 ya. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the language dispersal was coupled with the movement of people, raising the question of language shift versus demic diffusion
Our results show evidence for a demic diffusion in the genetic data, which is confirmed by the correlations between genetic and linguistic distances. While there is little support for the early-split model, the late-split model shows a relatively good fit to the data
Moving Histories: Bantu Language Expansions, Eclectic Economies, and Mobilities [8]
A new historical classification of Africa’s Bantu languages appeared in 2015.Footnote 1 It rests on fresh vocabulary evidence from 424 members of the group analyzed using statistical tools guided by explicit assumptions about language change and its chronology. The results present an unambiguous peeling movement of the Bantu languages from their formation as a distinct branch of Niger-Congo, in today’s Nigeria-Cameroon borderlands, slowly into southern Cameroon, then along a savannah corridor through West Central Africa’s rainforests, south into the savannahs, then to Southern Africa, East Africa’s Great Lakes region, and its Indian Ocean coast (Fig
Transformations from foraging, hunting, and fishing to agriculture and pastoralism or from no use of metals to full engagement with metals and metal-making, long taken for granted as driving this sprawling story, were actually changeable, unfolded with varying velocity, and involved interactions with a wide array of firstcomers. Sometimes, as in much of Central Africa, Bantu-speakers were the first farmers and metal-users in a region
Whichever was the case, their arrivals did not lead to the immediate disappearance of firstcomers. Hard-to-reverse commitments to particular food systems — such as agropastoralism — often only set in after initial expansions had occurred.
Migration History and Historiography [9]
– Benedetta RossiBenedetta RossiSchool of History and Cultures, University of Birmingham. Migration has been a central factor in African history
Although the earliest stages of human migrations are the subject of intense debate, most hypotheses concentrate on movements that occurred in the African continent. In historical times, African migrations can be divided into two broad sub-fields looking at, respectively: people moving because they were forced to and people choosing to move on their own free will
The trans-Atlantic slave trade was the largest long-distance forced migration of people, even though it happened over a shorter period than the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades. Within Africa, trade across complementary ecological zones and the seasonality of production propelled free migrations of traders and workers involved in long distance trade
Whole-genome sequencing of Bantu-speakers from Angola and Mozambique reveals complex dispersal patterns and interactions throughout sub-Saharan Africa [10]
As the continent of origin for our species, Africa harbours the highest levels of diversity anywhere on Earth. This trove of diversity provides rich opportunities to discover unknown genomic variation and explore how human populations have moved and interacted on the continent over thousands of years
Here we present the first collection of whole-genomes from Angola and Mozambique, enabling the construction of a high-quality reference variation catalogue including three million novel SNPs. Leveraging the power and flexibility of whole-genome sequencing data, we model the development and continuity of Bantu-population structure through time, widespread admixture involving source populations from these regions across sub-Saharan Africa, and the heterogeneous population histories of Western and Eastern Bantu-speakers
Moreover, we generate reference panels that better represents the complete diversity of African populations involved in the Atlantic slave trade, improving imputation accuracy in African Americans and Brazilians over the 1000 Genomes Project. This study fills important gaps in the current record of global genetic diversity and informs on the most significant demographic events in the recent history of Africa
Sources
- https://www.worldhistory.org/Bantu_Migration/#:~:text=The%20Bantu%20migration%20was%20a,%2C%20farming%20methods%2C%20and%20language.
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/africa-human-geography/#:~:text=The%20Bantu%20Migration%20had%20an,tools%20and%20weapons%20from%20metal.
- https://books.openedition.org/pufr/19795
- https://www.pasteur.fr/en/home/research-journal/press-documents/migration-history-bantu-speaking-people-genomics-reveals-benefits-admixture-and-sheds-new-light
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/africa-human-geography/
- https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R56/6046806
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3385717/
- https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/moving-histories-bantu-language-expansions-eclectic-economies-and-mobilities/F9F92F9C6A16A9633E75508E836C9C46
- https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-325
- https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.07.478793.full
