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Isolation and Differentiation of Neurons and Glial Cells from Olfactory Epithelium in Living Subjects [1]
The study of psychiatric and neurological diseases requires the substrate in which the disorders occur, that is, the nervous tissue. Currently, several types of human bio-specimens are being used for research, including postmortem brains, cerebrospinal fluid, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and induced neuronal (iN) cells
The olfactory epithelium is a region close to the brain that has received increased interest as a research tool for the study of brain mechanisms in complex neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. The olfactory sensory neurons are replaced by neurogenesis throughout adult life from stem cells on the basement membrane
For all these reasons, olfactory epithelium provides a unique resource for investigating neuronal molecular markers of neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. Here, we describe the isolation and culture of human differentiated neurons and glial cells from olfactory epithelium of living subjects by an easy and non-invasive exfoliation method that may serve as a useful tool for the research in brain diseases.
Role of nitric oxide during neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium [2]
Role of nitric oxide during neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Dinámica Celular y Biotecnología, Universidad de Chile
A dual role of the second messenger nitric oxide has been reported in such places, either promoting or inhibiting proliferation of neuronal precursors depending on the cellular signal implicated. In this review the regulation of adult olfactory epithelium neurogenesis by nitric oxide is discussed.
In the olfactory epithelium, neurogenesis occurs throughout adult life, allowing the replacement of dying olfactory sensory neurons. Nitric oxide seems to act as a proliferative agent of neuronal precursors in the olfactory epithelium
Neurogenesis [3]
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). It occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans.[1] Types of NSCs include neuroepithelial cells (NECs), radial glial cells (RGCs), basal progenitors (BPs), intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs), subventricular zone astrocytes, and subgranular zone radial astrocytes, among others.[1]
During embryonic development, the mammalian central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) is derived from the neural tube, which contains NSCs that will later generate neurons.[2] However, neurogenesis doesn’t begin until a sufficient population of NSCs has been achieved. These early stem cells are called neuroepithelial cells (NEC)s, but soon take on a highly elongated radial morphology and are then known as radial glial cells (RGC)s.[2] RGCs are the primary stem cells of the mammalian CNS, and reside in the embryonic ventricular zone, which lies adjacent to the central fluid-filled cavity (ventricular system) of the neural tube.[4][5] Following RGC proliferation, neurogenesis involves a final cell division of the parent RGC, which produces one of two possible outcomes
Alternatively, daughter neurons may be produced directly. Neurons do not immediately form neural circuits through the growth of axons and dendrites
Aging changes in organs, tissue and cells: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [4]
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age. Aging changes occur in all of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems.
Tissues are layers of similar cells that perform a specific function. The different kinds of tissues group together to form organs.
This includes bone, blood, and lymph tissues, as well as the tissues that give support and structure to the skin and internal organs.. Epithelial tissue provides a covering for superficial and deeper body layers
Neuroscience For Kids [5]
Cells of the nervous system, called nerve cells or neurons, are specialized to carry “messages” through an electrochemical process. The human brain has approximately 86 billion neurons
Some of the smallest neurons have cell bodies that are only 4 microns wide. Some of the biggest neurons have cell bodies that are 100 microns wide
Neurons are similar to other cells in the body because:. However, neurons differ from other cells in the body because:
The Oval Window Is Connected Directly To Which Passageway — I Hate CBT’s [6]
Question: What is the main function of the rods in the eye?. Question: What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?
Question: Which of the following types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life?. Question: The oil component found in tears is produced by the ________.
Question: Farsightedness is more properly called ________.. Question: Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.
Single-cell transcriptomes of developing and adult olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila [7]
Single-cell transcriptomes of developing and adult olfactory receptor neurons in Drosophila. Recognition of environmental cues is essential for the survival of all organisms
To gain insight into these changes, we generated single-cell transcriptomes of Drosophila olfactory- (ORNs), thermo-, and hygro-sensory neurons at an early developmental and adult stage using single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing. We discovered that ORNs maintain expression of the same olfactory receptors across development
We found that cell-type-specific transcriptomes partly reflected axon trajectory choices in development and sensory modality in adults. We uncovered stage-specific genes that could regulate the wiring and sensory responses of distinct ORN types
Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain [8]
Volume 14 – 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2020.576444. Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain
– 2Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. – 3Centre for Interprofessional Clinical Simulation Learning (CICSL), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
Convincing evidence has repeatedly shown that new neurons are produced in the mammalian brain into adulthood. Adult neurogenesis has been best described in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), in which a series of distinct stages of neuronal development has been well characterized
Running throughout Middle-Age Keeps Old Adult-Born Neurons Wired [9]
Exercise may prevent or delay aging-related memory loss and neurodegeneration. In rodents, running increases the number of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, in association with improved synaptic plasticity and memory function
To address this issue, we labeled proliferating DG neural progenitor cells with retrovirus expressing the avian TVA receptor in two-month-old sedentary and running male C57Bl/6 mice. More than six months later, we injected EnvA-pseudotyped rabies virus into the DG as a monosynaptic retrograde tracer, to selectively infect TVA expressing “old” new neurons
Here, we show that long-term running substantially modifies the network of the neurons generated in young adult mice, upon middle-age. Exercise increases input from hippocampal interneurons onto “old” adult-born neurons, which may play a role in reducing aging-related hippocampal hyperexcitability
Synapse Formation, Survival, and Elimination (Section 1, Chapter 9) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy – The University of Texas [10]
Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the nervous system is the accuracy of its synaptic connections. The networks of circuits formed by neuronal interactions are responsible for the generation of behavior
– Axon Pathfinding – how axons find their way to specific targets.. guidance forces – forces that are produced by guidance molecules.
– Target recognition – how do axons “know” they have found the correct target?. One general property of neurons is that they migrate from the sites at which they begin to differentiate to their final residence in the nervous system.
Tracking neural activity from the same cells during the entire adult life of mice [11]
Recording the activity of the same neurons over the adult life of an animal is important to neuroscience research and biomedical applications. Current implantable devices cannot provide stable recording on this time scale
The open mesh structure forms a stable interwoven structure with the neural network, preventing probe drifting and showing no immune response and neuron loss during the yearlong implantation. Using the implanted nanoelectronics, we can track single-unit action potentials from the same neurons over the entire adult life of mice
Long-term stable recording1–4 of the same neuron at single-cell and single-spike resolution over the entire adult stage of life of behaving animals is important to understand how neural activity changes with learning and age4,5,6,7, to improve current brain-machine interface performance by reliably interpreting the brain’s behavioral and internal states4,6, and to study neurodegenerative diseases, aging-associated neurological disorders and cognitive decline7,8. Current implantable electronic and optical tools can record neural activity at single-cell and single-spike resolution but suffer from immune response and recording drift due to the mechanical and structural disparities between rigid electronic or optical devices and brain tissue9,10
Sources
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12035-023-03363-2#:~:text=The%20olfactory%20sensory%20neurons%20are,cells%20on%20the%20basement%20membrane.
- http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602006000500002
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenesis
- https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004012.htm
- https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/cells.html
- https://www.ihatecbts.com/questions-answers/2023/7/21/the-oval-window-is-connected-directly-to-which-passageway
- https://elifesciences.org/articles/63856
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2020.576444
- https://www.eneuro.org/content/10/5/ENEURO.0084-23.2023
- https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s1/chapter09.html
- https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.29.466524.full
