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MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS, AND THE CELL CYCLE
MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS, AND THE CELL CYCLE
MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS, AND THE CELL CYCLE
Learn Science at Scitable [1]
This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Mitosis is the process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in two, followed by division of the parent cell into two daughter cells
Early microscopists were the first to observe these structures, and they also noted the appearance of a specialized network of microtubules during mitosis. These tubules, collectively known as the spindle, extend from structures called centrosomes — with one centrosome located at each of the opposite ends, or poles, of a cell
The spindle tubules then shorten and move toward the poles of the cell. As they move, they pull the one copy of each chromosome with them to opposite poles of the cell
Molecular Biology of the Cell [2]
By agreement with the publisher, this book is accessible by the search feature, but cannot be browsed.. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
It is constructed from microtubules and their associated proteins, which both pull the daughter chromosomes toward the poles of the spindle and move the poles apart.. As we have seen, the spindle starts to form outside the nucleus while the chromosomes are condensing during prophase
At anaphase, the sister chromatids abruptly separate and are drawn to opposite poles of the spindle; at about the same time, the spindle elongates, increasing the separation between the poles. The spindle continues to elongate during telophase, as the chromosomes arriving at the poles are released from the spindle microtubules and the nuclear envelope re-forms around them.
2.35: Mitosis and Cytokinesis [3]
What do you think this colorful picture shows? If you guessed that it’s a picture of a cell undergoing cell division, you are right. But more specifically, the image is a lung cell stained with fluorescent dyes undergoing mitosis, during early anaphase.
You can watch an animation of the process at the following link:http://www.biology.arizona.edu/Cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/MitosisFlash.html.. Mitosis is the phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle that occurs between DNA replication and the formation of two daughter cells
They are shown in Figure below and described in greater detail in the following sections.. Mitosis is the multi-phase process in which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides.
Molecular Biology of the Cell [4]
By agreement with the publisher, this book is accessible by the search feature, but cannot be browsed.. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
It is constructed from microtubules and their associated proteins, which both pull the daughter chromosomes toward the poles of the spindle and move the poles apart.. As we have seen, the spindle starts to form outside the nucleus while the chromosomes are condensing during prophase
At anaphase, the sister chromatids abruptly separate and are drawn to opposite poles of the spindle; at about the same time, the spindle elongates, increasing the separation between the poles. The spindle continues to elongate during telophase, as the chromosomes arriving at the poles are released from the spindle microtubules and the nuclear envelope re-forms around them.
Definition, Formation & Function – Video & Lesson Transcript [5]
We know that if we’re going to accurately segregate or separate the chromosomes during mitosis, we’re going to need to condense the chromosomes because a small, compact object is going to be easier to move than a long, stringy, floppy one. Now, we need a way to move those objects around in the cell
Now, microtubules organize into what is known as the mitotic spindle. Before we can understand how the mitotic spindle works, we need to know a little bit more about the components that make it up.
As far as mitosis is concerned, you can think of them as molecular rope. During mitosis, they’re used to position the chromosomes at a specific position inside of the cell
SOLVED: In which phase of mitosis do spindle microtubules shorten? 1. Metaphase 2. Prophase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase [6]
Get 5 free video unlocks on our app with code GOMOBILE. In which phase of mitosis do spindle microtubules shorten?
What phase of mitosis is pictured?MetaphaseTelophaseProphaseAnaphase. In which phase of mitosis are chromosomes first seen as a result of chromatin coiling? prophase anaphase metaphase telophase.
Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Mitosis with Fluorescence Microscopy [7]
Mitosis, a phenomenon observed in all higher eukaryotes, is the mechanism that allows the nuclei of cells to split and provide each daughter cell with a complete set of chromosomes during cellular division. This, coupled with cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm), occurs in all multicellular plants and animals to permit growth of the organism
Fluorescent probes can be attached to specific subcellular components, such as the chromosomes and microtubules, for visualization of mitosis using standard epi-fluorescence microscopy techniques. The technology relies on the fact that fluorescent molecules absorb light at one wavelength and emit secondary (fluorescence) light at a longer wavelength
Living epithelial kidney cells, derived from the rat kangaroo (Potorous tridactylus) and grown in culture, are often used to visualize mitosis in the microscope because they contain only a few large chromosomes and the cells remain relatively flat throughout all of the division stages. Termed PtK2, the marsupial kidney cells afford clear visualization of the chromosomes, mitotic spindle, nucleoli, and other components during mitosis
6.2 The Cell Cycle – Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition [8]
Chapter 6: Introduction to Reproduction at the Cellular Level. – Discuss the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and how the cytoplasmic content divides during cytokinesis
The cell cycle is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells. Cells on the path to cell division proceed through a series of precisely timed and carefully regulated stages of growth, DNA replication, and division that produce two genetically identical cells
During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. During the mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated and the cell divides.
Biology for Non-Majors I [9]
Mitosis is an incredible process with precise steps and regulation. To begin, let’s explore the different stages of mitosis.
– mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell. – each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles
– sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles. – non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell
BioNinja [10]
• Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph. Mitosis is the process of nuclear division, whereby duplicated DNA molecules are arranged into two separate nuclei
– The division of the cell in two (cytokinesis) occurs concurrently with the final stage of mitosis (telophase). – DNA is present as uncondensed chromatin (not visible under microscope)
– Centrosomes and other organelles have been duplicated. – DNA supercoils and chromosomes condense (becoming visible under microscope)
Tubulins Assemble Into Spindle Microtubules — I Hate CBT’s [11]
at this point, cells commits to go through the cell cycle.. Question: Mechanisms underlying the events of mitosis
During anaphase, the nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen and move fast past each other,and the kinetochore microtubules shorten.. During telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules disassemble
Will the chromosomes move to the poles of the cell? (no). Question: Comparing chromosome separation in bacteria and eukaryotes
Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis [12]
In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
The first stage is DNA replication, during the S phase of interphase. The second stage is the mitotic (M) phase, which involves the separation of the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
Mitosis can be divided into five distinct stages—prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis, which begins during anaphase or telophase (depending on the cell), is part of the M phase, but not part of mitosis.
The cell. 8. Cell cycle. M phase. Atlas of plant and animal histology. [13]
The division of the cell in two daughter cells happens during M phase. It consists on different processes running at the same time that end up with the division of the cellular components to form the two new cells
The salient components are DNA, synthesized during the S phase, and cytoplasmic organelles and molecules, produced during G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis is the chromatin condensation into chromosomes and their separation to be included in the two new cells
Cytokinesis is another process that runs during telophase and it leads to the splitting of the cytoplasm.. Mitosis is a drastic change in the cell, which has to form a molecular machinery for separating the chromosomes: the mitotic spindle
Sources
- https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitosis-14046258/#:~:text=More%20specifically%2C%20in%20the%20first,chromosomes%20toward%20the%20spindle%20poles.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26934/#:~:text=The%20first%2C%20referred%20to%20as,at%20the%20two%20spindle%20poles.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/TextMaps/Map:_Introductory_Biology_(CK-12)/2:_Cell_Biology/2._35:_Mitosis_and_Cytokinesis
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26934/
- https://study.com/academy/lesson/mitosis-i-the-mitotic-spindle.html
- https://www.numerade.com/ask/question/in-which-phase-of-mitosis-do-spindle-microtubules-shorten-1-metaphase-2-prophase-3-anaphase-4-telophase-80996/
- https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/fluorescencemitosis/index.html
- https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/6-2-the-cell-cycle/
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-nmbiology1/the-steps-of-mitosis/
- http://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-biology/16-cell-division/mitosis.html
- https://www.ihatecbts.com/questions-answers/2023/7/26/tubulins-assemble-into-spindle-microtubules
- https://www.jove.com/science-education/10762/mitosis-and-cytokinesis
- https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/5-celulas/8-m.php
