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Surface currents, the Ekman spiral, and Ekman transport
Surface currents, the Ekman spiral, and Ekman transport
Surface currents, the Ekman spiral, and Ekman transport
9.5: Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport [1]
Early sailors traveling in regions where icebergs are common noticed that the icebergs moved in a different direction than the wind (causing alarm as the icebergs were cutting across the paths of ships moving down wind).. Sailors of ships noticed that icebergs move in a different direction than the wind.
The force of wind affect surface water molecules, which in turn, drag deeper layers of water molecules below them (drag is caused by friction between water molecules). The deeper below the surface, the slower the water moves compared to the water layer above it.
As noted above, both surface water and deeper water is deflected by the Coriolis effect.. Depth is important: Each successively deeper layer of water moves more slowly to the right (or left), creating a spiral effect (called the Ekman Spiral)
Oceanography Chapter 7 Flashcards [2]
|An indirect method of measuring ocean current is the use of __________.||. |A large system of rotating ocean currents, usually driven by the major wind belts, is called a(n)||
|The loss of heat from the ocean surface, resulting in a lowered temperature, causes ocean water to become||. |A deep and powerful southward subsurface current that flows under the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic is the||
|To produce a surface current of 1.6 knots in the open ocean, a steady wind of _____ knots would be required.||. |The actual movement of surface water due to Ekman transport in the Northern Hemisphere is about __________.||
Ekman transport [3]
Ekman transport is part of Ekman motion theory, first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation, and Ekman transport is a component of wind-driven ocean current.[1] Ekman transport occurs when ocean surface waters are influenced by the friction force acting on them via the wind
This is because it leads to upwelling (Ekman suction) and downwelling (Ekman pumping) in order to obey mass conservation laws. Mass conservation, in reference to Ekman transfer, requires that any water displaced within an area must be replenished
Ekman theory explains the theoretical state of circulation if water currents were driven only by the transfer of momentum from the wind. In the physical world, this is difficult to observe because of the influences of many simultaneous current driving forces (for example, pressure and density gradients)
How Seawater Moves: Ekman Transport [4]
An explorer from Norway named Fridtjof Nansen froze his ship into the Arctic sea ice in 1893. He thought that trapped in sea ice, which moves with ocean currents, he would get to the North Pole eventually
But he did have lots of time to make observations of the environment. One of his observations was that the ice was not moving in the same direction as the wind
This phenomenon would later become known as Ekman transport.. As wind blows across the ocean, it moves water because of friction at the ocean surface
ch 7 ocean currents Flashcards by Shelby Plaugher [5]
Which method would be most appropriate for directly measuring the flow rate of the Gulf Stream?. Drift or float bottles can be released into a current and tracked through time.
Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ .. Which swift-flowing surface current in a major subtropical gyre transports a large volume of warm water from the equator toward mid-latitudes?
The Kuroshio Current is the western boundary current in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.. Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________.
9.22: Quiz Questions – Chapter 9 – Ocean Circulation [6]
9.22: Quiz Questions – Chapter 9 – Ocean Circulation. In ocean basins, the Coriolis effect helps creates large, circular ocean currents called:
Formation of sea ice, increases salinity and the density of seawater, which then sinks into deep ocean basins.. Equatorial waters are less dense and warmer, displacing cold water in deep ocean basins.
What consequence does the Coriolis effect have on ocean water currents that are changing latitude?. Moving water is deflected to the left in the Northern Hemisphere and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere.
Ocean Motion : Background : Ocean in Motion [7]
Once the wind sets surface waters in motion as a current, the Coriolis effect, Ekman transport, and the configuration of the ocean basin modify the speed and direction of the current. In this section, we consider the forces involved in the coupling of wind and ocean surface waters.
This surface layer in turn would drag the layer beneath it, putting it into motion. This interaction would propagate downward through successive ocean layers, like cards in a deck, each moving forward at a slower speed than the layer above
Except at the equator, where the Coriolis effect is zero, each layer of water put into motion by the layer above shifts direction because of Earth’s rotation.. Using vectors to plot the direction and speed of water layers at successive depths, we can show a simplified three-dimensional current pattern caused by a steady horizontal wind (Figure A)
Which of the Following Statements is True About an Ekman Spiral? [8]
A) The net flow of a wind-driven surface current in the Northern Hemisphere will flow at about a 50 ° angle to the wind.. B) With increasing depth, each layer will move faster than the overlying layer of water.
D) An Ekman spiral is not influenced by the Coriolis effect.. 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes.
Find all the solutions to your textbooks, reveal answers you would’t find elsewhere. Scan any paper and upload it to find exam solutions and many more
[Solved] Ekman transport occurs in the [9]
– The net transport of water due to coupling between wind and surface waters is known as Ekman transport.. – The wind blows across the ocean and moves its waters as a result of its frictional drag on the surface.
– Motion in this layer drives flow in the layer below, and so on, such that wind-driven motion at the top, ultimately, drives flow in all of the layers below.. – Ekman transport, forming convergence and divergence zones of surface water.
– Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation, and Ekman Transport is a component of wind-driven ocean currents.. – Ekman transport occurs when ocean surface waters are influenced by the friction force acting on them via the wind.
Q. Consider the following statements regarding ocean currents: Which of the above statements is/are correct? [10]
Consider the following statements regarding ocean currents:. Right on! Give the BNAT exam to get a 100% scholarship for BYJUS courses
That is why near the equator the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes.. Statement 2 is correct: The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere
These produce large circular currents in all the ocean basins.
The Ekman Spiral [11]
The Ekman spiral, named after Swedish scientist Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874-1954) who first theorized it in 1902, is a consequence of the Coriolis effect. When surface water molecules move by the force of the wind, they, in turn, drag deeper layers of water molecules below them
Like the surface water, however, the deeper water is deflected by the Coriolis effect—to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. As a result, each successively deeper layer of water moves more slowly to the right or left, creating a spiral effect
Observations of Ekman Currents in the Southern Ocean [12]
Circumpolar integration of the Southern Ocean Ekman transport results in estimates ranging from 25 to 30 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1; Sloyan and Rintoul 2001; Speer et al. The Ekman layer thus constitutes the shallowest limb of the meridional overturning circulation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), a key component of the coupled ocean–atmosphere climate system (Deacon 1937; Sloyan and Rintoul 2001; Speer et al
Highly variable Southern Ocean winds further complicate the extraction of mean Ekman currents from direct observations of upper-ocean velocities on any single cruise. The threat of mooring blowover and/or damage by icebergs prohibits moored observations of mixed-layer currents in the Southern Ocean
Without direct measurement of the vertical profile of mean Ekman currents, accurate predictions of the Ekman layer depth, mean temperature, eddy viscosity, and associated Ekman layer heat fluxes cannot be made.. High-resolution, repeat shipboard observations of upper-ocean velocities and temperature in Drake Passage (Fig
Ocean Gyre [13]
A gyre is a circular ocean current formed by Earth’s wind patterns and the forces created by the rotation of the planet. Earth Science, Oceanography, Geography, Physical Geography, Physics
The movement of the world’s major ocean gyres helps drive the “ocean conveyor belt.” The ocean conveyor belt circulates ocean water around the entire planet. Also known as thermohaline circulation, the ocean conveyor belt is essential for regulating temperature, salinity and nutrient flow throughout the ocean.
Wind drags on the ocean surface, causing water to move in the direction the wind is blowing.. Earth’s rotation deflects, or changes the direction of, these wind-driven currents
Sources
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/09%3A_Ocean_Circulation/9.05%3A_Ekman_Spiral_and_Ekman_Transport#:~:text=The%20impact%20of%20the%20Ekman,features%20(shoreline%20and%20seabed).
- https://www.flashcardmachine.com/oceanography-chapter7.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman_transport
- https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/earth-system/how-ocean-moves-ekman-transport
- https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/ch-7-ocean-currents-7241201/packs/11703998
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Oceanography_101_(Miracosta)/09%3A_Ocean_Circulation/9.22%3A_Quiz_Questions_-_Chapter_9_-_Ocean_Circulation
- http://oceanmotion.org/html/background/ocean-in-motion.htm
- https://quizplus.com/quiz/174074-quiz-6-ocean-circulation/questions/12976254-which-of-the-following-statements-is-true-about-an-ekman-spi
- https://testbook.com/question-answer/ekman-transport-occurs-in-the–6017d8ae2b931bd4c3e213ab
- https://byjus.com/question-answer/q-consider-the-following-statements-regarding-ocean-currents-wind-direction-coriolis-forces-and-the-position/
- https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/04currents4.html
- https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/39/3/2008jpo3943.1.xml
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ocean-gyre/
