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Carbohydrates: Starch and Glycogen | A-level Biology | OCR, AQA, Edexcel
Carbohydrates: Starch and Glycogen | A-level Biology | OCR, AQA, Edexcel
Carbohydrates: Starch and Glycogen | A-level Biology | OCR, AQA, Edexcel
4.4: When Sugars Get It Together [1]
As plants trap the energy of the sun by making sugars from carbon dioxide and water, they also use that energy to assemble these sugars into chains. The ability of plants to chain sugars together is great indeed
When many sugars are chained together, the chains are called polysaccharides (many sugars) or complex carbohydrates. Chained together in this fashion, they are no longer sweet
Complex carbohydrates can be digestible or indigestible—depending on whether or not the digestive tract has the enzymes needed to digest them. The sugars that make up the chain can be linked together differently, and we can digest a particular complex carbohydrate only if we have the proper enzymes to break those particular links
How do plants make starch? [2]
Unlike humans, plants are not able to eat food in order to meet their energy needs, instead they have to make their energy by photosynthesis.. As every GCSE student can tell you, photosynthesis is the process through which light energy is converted into either chemical energy or sugar
Some of the sugar is also stored for use later, by being converted into starch.. Plants make, and store temporary supplies of starch in their leaves, which they use during the night when there is no light available for photosynthesis
But what exactly is starch? Starch is a chain of glucose molecules which are bound together, to form a bigger molecule, which is called a polysaccharide. Depending on the plant, starch is made up of between 20-25% amylose and 75-80% amylopectin.
Starch [3]
Glucose PolysaccharidesGreen plants transform solar energy to chemical energy in glucose. Glucose isn’t very useful for long-term storage of the energy, though
Glucose dissolves readily in water and it can pass through the cell membranes in response to concentration gradients. In order to store glucose in one location, plants must condense it to a water-insoluble form.
There are a number of forms of the condensed polymer of glucose. A linear polysaccharide found in plants is is amylose (~20 %) and a related branched polysaccharide is amylopectin (~80 %).
3.5: Carbohydrates [4]
Where would we be without our jeans? They have been the go-to pants for many people for decades, and they are still as popular as ever. Cotton is a soft, fluffy fiber that grows in a protective case around the seeds of cotton plants
Carbohydrates are the most common class of biochemical compounds. Carbohydrates are used to provide or store energy, among other uses
In the case of carbohydrates, the small repeating units are known as monosaccharides. Each monosaccharide consists of six carbon atoms, as shown in the model of the monosaccharide glucose below.
FSHN Ultimate Exam: MCQ Quiz! [5]
FSHN is the acronym for Food Science and Human Nutrition Department. Students learn health and wellness by creating and delivering safe, nutritious, accessible, and affordable foods
This quiz will provide you with digestible information about FSHN.. Carbohydrate digestion is assisted by cooking, which softens tough skins.
Saliva production does not influence starch digestion.. Maintain a constant ratio of carbohydrate to protein to fat throughout the day.
Carbohydrates [6]
All carbohydratesA compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that is a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone or a compound that can be broken down to form such a compound. It is one of the three main components of the human diet
Examples of carbohydrates include starch, fiber, the sweet-tasting compounds called sugars, and structural materials such as cellulose. The term carbohydrate had its origin in a misinterpretation of the molecular formulas of many of these substances
Which compounds would be classified as carbohydrates?. Which compounds would be classified as carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates and human health [7]
Carbohydrates are carbohydrates that are always recommended to cut if you follow a weight loss diet. This leads to the misconception that carbohydrates are the “enemies” of weight
Disaccharides are two monosaccharide molecules linked together, such as: lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Lactose is a molecule made by linking a glucose molecule with a galactose molecule
It is usually the result of photosynthesis, when sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll reacts with other compounds in the plant.. Polysaccharide Various polysaccharides act as food stores in plants and animals
Wikipedia [8]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).. Amylose is a polysaccharide made of α-D-glucose units, bonded to each other through α(1→4) glycosidic bonds
Because of its tightly packed helical structure, amylose is more resistant to digestion than other starch molecules and is therefore an important form of resistant starch.[2]. Amylose is made up of α(1→4) bound glucose molecules
The number of repeated glucose subunits (n) is usually in the range of 300 to 3000, but can be many thousands.. There are three main forms of amylose chains can take
LibGuides at Hostos Community College Library [9]
Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.. Click on the printer icon at the bottom of the screen
If it doesn’t, try opening this guide in a different browser and printing from there (sometimes Internet Explorer works better, sometimes Chrome, sometimes Firefox, etc.).. If the above process produces printouts with errors or overlapping text or images, try this method:
In 2006, diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death, listed on 72,507 death certificates. Moreover, it was a contributing factor in over 200,000 deaths in which the cause was listed as something else, such as heart or kidney disease.
Indiana State University Athletics [10]
· Carbohydrates in their simplest form are one molecule of sugar called a monosaccharide (glucose, fructose, and galactose). When thousands of sugar molecules are bonded to each other it is called a carbohydrate, although carbohydrates can vary in the number of sugar molecules bonded to each other.
To clear this up here is a list of all the names you may hear for carbohydrates:. o Glucose (dextrose): This is the most common simple sugar found in nature; this is your body’s favorite source of energy.
o Galactose: This is a simple sugar that is found in milk that your body can use.. o Fructose: This is a simple sugar that is found in fruits and some vegetables; it is known to taste the sweetest out of all the sugars.
Understanding Starch Structure: Recent Progress [11]
Possible Implications of the Backbone Structure on Starch Properties and Biosynthesis. – Jane, J.-L.; Kasemsuwan, T.; Leas, S.; Zobel, H.; Robyt, J.F
Composition and properties of A- and B-type starch granules pf wild-type, partial waxy, and waxy soft wheat. – Evers, A.D.; Greenwood, C.T.; Muir, D.D.; Venables, C
The amylose and lipid contents of starch granules in developing wheat endosperm. Studies of starch size and distribution in 33 barley varieties with a celloscope
The Molecular Composition of Cells [12]
By agreement with the publisher, this book is accessible by the search feature, but cannot be browsed.. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
Water is the most abundant molecule in cells, accounting for 70% or more of total cell mass. Consequently, the interactions between water and the other constituents of cells are of central importance in biological chemistry
Because of their polar nature, water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other or with other polar molecules, as well as interacting with positively or negatively charged ions. As a result of these interactions, ions and polar molecules are readily soluble in water (hydrophilic)
What a Sweet Potato [13]
Potatoes break down in our bodies into… sugar! How does this happen? A visit with the carbohydrate family. Like all of the other carbohydrates we eat, potatoes break down into sugars inside our bodies
Carbohydrates are a vast family of substances present throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. Their name is derived from their chemical formulae—a combination of the words “carbon” and “hydr-” (stem of the Greek word for water)
In other words, carbohydrates contain a certain number of carbon atoms (chemical symbol—C) and a certain number of water molecules (H2O). Let’s look at the formula for glucose, mentioned in the video clip: C6H12O6, which can also be written as a combination of six carbon atoms with six water molecules: C6(H2O)6
Sources
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Realities_of_Nutrition_(Morrill)/03%3A_Carbohydrates_and_the__Foundations_of_Food/04%3A_The_Trapping_of_the_Sun/4.04%3A_When_Sugars_Get_It_Together#:~:text=Starch%20is%20found%20in%20plants,chain%E2%80%94a%20complex%20carbohydrate%20indeed!
- https://www.jic.ac.uk/blog/how-do-plants-make-starch/#:~:text=Starch%20is%20a%20chain%20of,highly%20branched%20chain%20of%20glucose
- http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/GenChem2/B10/2.html#:~:text=Starches%20are%20glucose%20polymers%20that,is%20amylopectin%20(~80%20%25).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/03%3A_Chemistry_of_Life/3.05%3A_Carbohydrates
- https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=fshn-120-chapter-4
- https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry/s19-01-carbohydrates.html
- https://www.vinmec.com/news/health-news/nutrition/carbohydrates-and-human-health/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylose
- https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu/che120/chapter6
- https://gosycamores.com/sports/2012/2/28/205388348.aspx
- https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/7/3/56
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9879/
- https://davidson.weizmann.ac.il/en/online/sciencelab/what-sweet-potato
