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Skeletal Muscle , Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle | Characteristics and Differences
Skeletal Muscle , Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle | Characteristics and Differences
Skeletal Muscle , Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle | Characteristics and Differences
Single-cell transcriptional profiles in human skeletal muscle [1]
Skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous tissue comprised of muscle fiber and mononuclear cell types that, in addition to movement, influences immunity, metabolism and cognition. We investigated the gene expression patterns of skeletal muscle cells using RNA-seq of subtype-pooled single human muscle fibers and single cell RNA-seq of mononuclear cells from human vastus lateralis, mouse quadriceps, and mouse diaphragm
The human FBN1+ FAP cell subtype is novel and a corresponding FBN1+ FAP cell type was also found in single cell RNA-seq analysis in mouse. Transcriptome exercise studies using bulk tissue analysis do not resolve changes in individual cell-type proportion or gene expression
As an example, we analyzed public transcriptome data from an exercise training study and revealed significant changes in specific mononuclear cell-type proportions related to age, sex, acute exercise and training. Our single-cell expression map of skeletal muscle cell types will further the understanding of the diverse effects of exercise and the pathophysiology of muscle disease.
38.15: Muscle Contraction and Locomotion – Skeletal Muscle Fibers [2]
38.15: Muscle Contraction and Locomotion – Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Skeletal muscles are composed of striated subunits called sarcomeres, which are composed of the myofilaments actin and myosin.
– Each myofibril is composed of numerous sarcomeres, the functional contracile region of a striated muscle. Sarcomeres are composed of myofilaments of myosin and actin, which interact using the sliding filament model and cross-bridge cycle to contract.
– sarcomere: The functional contractile unit of the myofibril of a striated muscle.. Myocytes, sometimes called muscle fibers, form the bulk of muscle tissue
Animal tissues. Muscle. Atlas of Plant and Animal Histology. [3]
Muscle tissue produces the body and organs movement. Muscle cells are known as myocytes or muscle fibers
The contractile capacity of these cells depends on the association of actin filaments and myosin II motor protein filaments in the cytoplasm.. Muscle cells are divided into three types: skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Hence, they are also referred as striated skeletal muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are shorter, branched and also show striations
Synaptic Transmission at the Skeletal Neuromuscular Junction (Section 1, Chapter 4) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy – The Uni [4]
The features of the synaptic junction at the neuromuscular junction are shown in the figure at left. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Along these processes are specialized structures known as synapses. The particular synapse made between a spinal motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell is called the motor endplate because of its specific structure.
First, there is a distinct separation between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic membrane. The space between the two is known as the synaptic cleft
Muscle Fibre Types [5]
Human skeletal muscle is composed of a heterogenous collection of muscle fiber types. This range of muscle fiber types allows for the wide variety of capabilities that human muscles display.
Most skeletal muscles in a human contain(s) all three types, although in varying proportions. In addition, muscle fibers can adapt to changing demands by changing size or fiber type composition.
Changes in fiber type composition also may be partially responsible for some of the impairments and disabilities seen in patients who are deconditioned because of prolonged inactivity, limb immobilization, or muscle denervation.[1]. Skeletal muscle fibers can be classified based on two criteria: 1.How fast do fibers contract relative to others
Skeletal muscle [6]
|Synonyms||Skeletal striated muscle / Striated voluntary muscle|. Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton.[1][2] The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of muscle tissue, and are often known as muscle fibers.[3] The muscle tissue of a skeletal muscle is striated – having a striped appearance due to the arrangement of the sarcomeres.
The other types of muscle are cardiac muscle which is also striated and smooth muscle which is non-striated; both of these types of muscle tissue are classified as involuntary, or, under the control of the autonomic nervous system.[4]. A skeletal muscle contains multiple fascicles – bundles of muscle fibers
Muscle fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts in a process known as myogenesis resulting in long multinucleated cells. In these cells the nuclei, termed myonuclei, are located along the inside of the cell membrane
Skeletal Muscle: What Is It, Function, Location & Anatomy [7]
The majority of the muscles in your body are skeletal muscles. They make up between 30 to 40% of your total body mass
Your shoulder muscles, hamstring muscles and abdominal muscles are all examples of skeletal muscles.. What’s the difference between skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle?
Nerves in your somatic nervous system send signals to make them function. If you reach for a book on a shelf, you’re using skeletal muscles in your neck, arm and shoulder.
Xeno-free bioengineered human skeletal muscle tissue using human platelet lysate-based hydrogels [8]
Bioengineered human skeletal muscle tissues have emerged in the last years as new in vitro systems for disease modeling. These bioartificial muscles are classically fabricated by encapsulating human myogenic precursor cells in a hydrogel scaffold that resembles the extracellular matrix
On the contrary, xeno-free biomaterials and culture conditions in tissue engineering offer increased relevance for developing human disease models. In this work, we used human platelet lysate (PL)-based nanocomposite hydrogels (HUgel) as scaffolds for human skeletal muscle tissue engineering
Here, we developed hydrogel casting platforms to encapsulate human muscle satellite stem cells in HUgel. The a-CNC content was modulated to enhance matrix remodeling, uniaxial tension, and self-organization of the cells, resulting in the formation of highly aligned, long myotubes expressing sarcomeric proteins
Vascularisation of Skeletal Muscle [9]
Skeletal muscle is mainly involved in physical activity and movement, which requires a large amount of glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. These materials are supplied by blood vessels and incorporated into the muscle fiber through the cell membrane
The formation of a functional, integrated vascular network is a fundamental process in the growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. On the other hand, vascularization is one of the main central components in skeletal muscle regeneration
This is confirmed by the fact that muscle regeneration occurred from the outside of the muscle bundle toward the inner regions. In fact, it is likely that capillary formation is a key process to start muscle regeneration
Muscle [10]
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to:. Recognize and describe the anatomical features of muscle types at the tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels.
Identify the subcellular components of myofibers and understand how they contribute to contractility in each muscle type.. Identify and understand the functional significance of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle.
Before beginning this laboratory, be certain that you understand the use of the terms: filament, fibril, and fiber as they relate to muscle histological structure.. Slide 77 Skeletal muscle, cross and longitudinally sectioned.
Bead-jet printing enabled sparse mesenchymal stem cell patterning augments skeletal muscle and hair follicle regeneration [11]
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) holds promise to repair severe traumatic injuries. However, current transplantation practices limit the potential of this technique, either by losing the viable MSCs or reducing the performance of resident MSCs
We show that high-density encapsulation of MSCs in Matrigel beads is able to augment MSC function, increasing MSC proliferation, migration, and extracellular vesicle production, compared with low-density bead or high-density bulk encapsulation of the equivalent number of MSCs. We find that the high-density MSCs-laden beads in sparse patterns demonstrate significantly improved therapeutic performance, by regenerating skeletal muscles approaching native-like cell density with reduced fibrosis, and regenerating skin with hair follicle growth and increased dermis thickness
We expect this “bead-jet” printing system to strengthen the potential of MSC transplantation.. Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury is a common occurrence in severe extremity trauma
10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue – Anatomy & Physiology [12]
Understand the structure and function of smooth muscle tissue. – Understand the difference between single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle
– Explain how smooth muscle differs from skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle, so-named because the cells do not have visible striations, is present in the walls of hollow organs (e.g., urinary bladder), lining the blood vessels, and in the eye (e.g., iris) and skin (e.g., erector pili muscle)
In certain locations, such as the walls of visceral organs, stretching the muscle can trigger its contraction).. Smooth muscle fibers are spindle-shaped and, unlike skeletal muscle fibers, have a single nucleus; individual cells range in size from 30 to 200 μm
Differences in the skeletal muscle transcriptome profile associated with extreme values of fatty acids content – BMC Genomics [13]
Differences in the skeletal muscle transcriptome profile associated with extreme values of fatty acids content. Lipids are a class of molecules that play an important role in cellular structure and metabolism in all cell types
Several fatty acids have been both positively and negatively implicated in different biological processes in skeletal muscle and other tissues. To gain insight into biological processes associated with fatty acid content in skeletal muscle, the aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional pathways related to gene expression regulation associated with FA content in cattle.
Functional annotation and functional enrichment from OA DEGs identified important genes, canonical pathways and upstream regulators such as SCD, PLIN5, UCP3, CPT1, CPT1B, oxidative phosphorylation mitochondrial dysfunction, PPARGC1A, and FOXO1. Two important genes associated with lipid metabolism, gene expression and cancer were identified as DEGs between animals with high and low CLA-c9t11, specifically, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and RNPS.
Sources
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-57110-6#:~:text=Besides%20multinucleated%20fibers%2C%20skeletal%20muscle,homeostasis%20and%2For%20exercise%20response.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/38%3A_The_Musculoskeletal_System/38.15%3A_Muscle_Contraction_and_Locomotion_-_Skeletal_Muscle_Fibers#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20main%20types,thick%20filaments%20and%20thin%20filaments.
- https://mmegias.webs.uvigo.es/02-english/guiada_a_muscular.php
- https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s1/chapter04.html
- https://www.physio-pedia.com/Muscle_Fibre_Types
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21787-skeletal-muscle
- https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1758-5090/ac8dc8
- https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/66964
- https://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Text%20Sections/Muscle.html
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35183-8
- https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/10-7-smooth-muscle-tissue/
- https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-016-3306-x
