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What are telomeres? | Telomere animation
What are telomeres? | Telomere animation
What are telomeres? | Telomere animation
Roles of telomeres and telomerase in cancer, and advances in telomerase-targeted therapies – Genome Medicine [1]
Roles of telomeres and telomerase in cancer, and advances in telomerase-targeted therapies. Genome Medicine volume 8, Article number: 69 (2016)
In the large majority of cancer cells, telomere length is maintained by telomerase. Thus, telomere length and telomerase activity are crucial for cancer initiation and the survival of tumors
Additionally, genomic screening for recurrent human telomerase gene hTERT promoter mutations and mutations in genes involved in the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway, such as ATRX and DAXX, has elucidated how these genomic changes contribute to the activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer cells. Attempts have also been made to develop telomere length- and telomerase-based diagnostic tools and anticancer therapeutics
Biochemistry, Telomere And Telomerase [2]
This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-.. Telomeres are protein structures located at the ends of each eukaryotic DNA chromosomal arm
Telomeres also prevent the free ends of the chromosome from appearing as DNA double-stranded breaks, which in turn safeguards the ends from accidental DNA repair.[2] In humans, telomeres play a significant role in cellular senescence with major contributions to human aging. Pathologically, dysregulated expression of the telomere synthesis mechanism causes cellular immortality, leading to potential oncogenesis and tumorigenesis.[3]
The Correct Structure Of Dna Monomers Can Be Presented As — I Hate CBT’s [3]
Question: Which of the following data were available to Watson and Crick when they were trying to determine the structure of DNA? Check all that apply.. Answer: YES: DNA is composed of 3 basic components: five-carbon sugars, phosphate groups, and 4 different nitrogenous bases.YES: In DNA, the proportion of adenine always equals that of thymine, and the proportion of guanine always equals that of cytosine.YES: X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the DNA molecule has the shape of a helix.YES: In DNA, the predominant tautomeric forms of the nitrogenous bases contain keto and amino groups.YES: DNA always has an equal proportion of purines and pyrimidines.
Answer: Serves as a template for a new DNA molecule:-Parental DNA strandsBuilding blocks needed to assemble a new DNA molecule:-Nucleoside triphosphatesEnzymes required to replicate DNA:-DNA primase-DNA gyrase-DNA polymerases-DNA ligase-DNA helicaseNot directly required for DNA replication:-Nucleoside monophosphates -Ribose. DNA Pol III is the main replication enzyme; it is responsible for the bulk of DNA synthesis.2
DNA Pol II does not appear to play a role in replication but is involved in DNA repair.. Question: Classify each characteristic according to whether it is found in prokaryotes only, eukaryotes only, both, or neither.
Which of the following best describes the function of telomerase? – Gzipwtf.com [4]
Which of the following best describes the function of telomerase?. Which of the following best describes the function of telomerase at the telomere? It adds new DNA to the longer strand of the telomere overhang
Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures found at the ends of linear chromosomes that guard against aberrant chromosomal rearrangements and prevent the ends of DNA molecules from being recognized by DNA damage-sensing mechanisms.. Which statement best describes the role of DNA polymerase in the diagram?
It enables DNA molecules to condense to form chromosomes.. Which of the following best describes the role of DNA?
The Correct Structure Of Dna Monomers Can Be Presented As — I Hate CBT’s [5]
Question: Which of the following data were available to Watson and Crick when they were trying to determine the structure of DNA? Check all that apply.. Answer: YES: DNA is composed of 3 basic components: five-carbon sugars, phosphate groups, and 4 different nitrogenous bases.YES: In DNA, the proportion of adenine always equals that of thymine, and the proportion of guanine always equals that of cytosine.YES: X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the DNA molecule has the shape of a helix.YES: In DNA, the predominant tautomeric forms of the nitrogenous bases contain keto and amino groups.YES: DNA always has an equal proportion of purines and pyrimidines.
Answer: Serves as a template for a new DNA molecule:-Parental DNA strandsBuilding blocks needed to assemble a new DNA molecule:-Nucleoside triphosphatesEnzymes required to replicate DNA:-DNA primase-DNA gyrase-DNA polymerases-DNA ligase-DNA helicaseNot directly required for DNA replication:-Nucleoside monophosphates -Ribose. DNA Pol III is the main replication enzyme; it is responsible for the bulk of DNA synthesis.2
DNA Pol II does not appear to play a role in replication but is involved in DNA repair.. Question: Classify each characteristic according to whether it is found in prokaryotes only, eukaryotes only, both, or neither.
What is a telomere? [6]
– Telomeres are sections of DNA found at the ends of each of our chromosomes.. – They consist of the same sequence of bases repeated over and over.
– They help to organise each of our 46 chromosomes in the nucleus (control centre) of our cells.. – They protect the ends of our chromosomes by forming a cap, much like the plastic tip on shoelaces
– They allow the chromosome to be replicated properly during cell division:. – Every time a cell carries out DNA replication the chromosomes are shortened by about 25-200 bases (A, C, G, or T) per replication.
Chapter 9: DNA Replication [7]
Home » Student Resources » Online Chemistry Textbooks » CH450 and CH451: Biochemistry – Defining Life at the Molecular Level » Chapter 9: DNA ReplicationMenu. CH450 and CH451: Biochemistry – Defining Life at the Molecular Level
The elucidation of the structure of the double helix by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 provided a hint as to how DNA is copied during the process of DNA replication. Separating the strands of the double helix would provide two templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands, but exactly how new DNA molecules were constructed was still unclear
After replication in this model, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one daughter or “new” strand. There were two competing models also suggested: conservative and dispersive, which are shown in Figure 9.1.
Easy Notecards [8]
1) In his transformation experiments, what phenomenon did Griffith observe?. A) Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form.
C) Infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to pathogenic strains.. D) Mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to other mice.
A) A strand of DNA is created from an RNA molecule.. C) Bacterial cells are infected by a phage DNA molecule.
The age-old problem of telomere maintenance [9]
2022 Eppendorf Award for Young European Investigators podcast. The following Q&A is an edited version of the podcast.
In order to pack all the DNA into cells, it needs to be condensed into structures that we call chromosomes. Telomeres are located at the ends of the chromosomes, and because chromosomes cannot be fully copied every time the DNA replicates, the telomeres get shorter over time — which results in ageing and eventual death of the cell
Mutations that compromise telomerase’s function can lead to a number of premature ageing diseases, such as aplastic anaemia and pulmonary fibrosis. On the flip side, cancers can also activate telomerase in order to make themselves immortal.
9.2 DNA Replication – Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition [10]
– Explain the importance of telomerase to DNA replication. When a cell divides, it is important that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the DNA
The replication of DNA occurs during the synthesis phase, or S phase, of the cell cycle, before the cell enters mitosis or meiosis.. The elucidation of the structure of the double helix provided a hint as to how DNA is copied
This means that the two strands are complementary to each other. For example, a strand of DNA with a nucleotide sequence of AGTCATGA will have a complementary strand with the sequence TCAGTACT (Figure 9.8).
Telomerase [11]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Telomerase, also called terminal transferase,[1] is a ribonucleoprotein that adds a species-dependent telomere repeat sequence to the 3′ end of telomeres
Telomeres protect the end of the chromosome from DNA damage or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster lacks telomerase, but instead uses retrotransposons to maintain telomeres.[2]
Telomerase is active in gametes and most cancer cells, but is normally absent in most somatic cells.. The existence of a compensatory mechanism for telomere shortening was first found by Soviet biologist Alexey Olovnikov in 1973,[4] who also suggested the telomere hypothesis of aging and the telomere’s connections to cancer.
Role of Telomeres and Telomerase in Aging and Cancer [12]
A hallmark of advanced malignancies is the ability for continuous cell divisions that almost universally correlates with the stabilization of telomere length by the reactivation of telomerase. The repression of telomerase and shorter telomeres in humans may have evolved, in part, as an anticancer protection mechanism
This review focuses on the current state of advances in the telomerase area, identifies outstanding questions, and addresses areas and methods that need refinement.. Significance: Despite many recent advances, telomerase remains a challenging target for cancer therapy
This review provides an overview of the current state of the field and how recent advances could affect future research and treatment approaches. Telomere terminal transferase (telomerase) enzyme activity (not the identification of the genes encoding the components of telomerase) was discovered in 1985 in the single-cell organism Tetrahymena (1)
GRE Subject Test: Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology : GRE Subject Test: Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology [13]
All GRE Subject Test: Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Resources. Example Question #3 : Help With Chromosome Structure And Function
Telomeres are the non-coding terminal ends of chromosomes, which help maintain the integrity of the chromosome and prevent it from being degraded. During normal DNA replication, the ends of the telomeres are not replicated and, therefore, must be lengthened by a different process
Centromeres are the regions of chromosomes that link sister chromatids. Extendase function is observed in some polymerases, and involves extending the DNA strand beyond the template (typically by the addition of an adenine nucleotide).
Sources
- https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-016-0324-x#:~:text=Telomerase%3A%20the%20key%20telomere%20length,from%20each%20round%20of%20replication.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576429/#:~:text=The%20main%20functions%20of%20a,DNA%2C%20and%20accidental%20DNA%20recombination.
- https://www.ihatecbts.com/questions-answers/2023/5/15/the-correct-structure-of-dna-monomers-can-be-presented-as#:~:text=Question%3A%20Which%20of%20the%20following%20best%20describes%20the%20function%20of,strand%20of%20the%20telomere%20overhang.
- https://gzipwtf.com/which-of-the-following-best-describes-the-function-of-telomerase/
- https://www.ihatecbts.com/questions-answers/2023/5/15/the-correct-structure-of-dna-monomers-can-be-presented-as
- https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-telomere/
- https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch450-and-ch451-biochemistry-defining-life-at-the-molecular-level/chapter-9-dna-replication-and-repair-2/
- https://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/111387
- https://www.nature.com/articles/d42473-022-00157-3
- https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/9-2-dna-replication/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase
- https://aacrjournals.org/cancerdiscovery/article/6/6/584/5789/Role-of-Telomeres-and-Telomerase-in-Aging-and
- https://www.varsitytutors.com/gre_subject_test_biochemistry_cell_and_molecular_biology-help/gre-subject-test-biochemistry-cell-and-molecular-biology?page=52
