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The History of Writing – Where the Story Begins – Extra History
The History of Writing – Where the Story Begins – Extra History
The History of Writing – Where the Story Begins – Extra History
Where Did Writing Come From? [1]
In a world in which immediate access to words and information is taken for granted, it is hard to imagine a time when writing began.. Archaeological discoveries in ancient Mesopotamia (now mostly modern Iraq) show the initial power and purpose of writing, from administrative and legal functions to poetry and literature.
The earliest known writing was invented there around 3400 B.C. The development of a Sumerian script was influenced by local materials: clay for tablets and reeds for styluses (writing tools)
Even after Sumerian died out as a spoken language around 2000 B.C., it survived as a scholarly language and script. Other peoples within and near Mesopotamia, from Turkey, Syria, and Egypt to Iran, adopted the later version of this script developed by the Akkadians (the first recognizable Semitic people), who succeeded the Sumerians as rulers of Mesopotamia
The Roman Empire: A Brief History [2]
From its founding in 625 BC to its fall in AD 476, the Roman Empire conquered and integrated dozens of cultures.. The influence of these cultures can be seen in objects, such as oil lamps, made and used throughout the Empire.
Animated map showing the rise and decline of the Roman Empire (Roke, 2006).. The history of the Roman Empire can be divided into three distinct periods: The Period of Kings (625-510 BC), Republican Rome (510-31 BC), and Imperial Rome (31 BC – AD 476).
It is thought that the city-state of Rome was initially formed by Latium villagers joining together with settlers from the surrounding hills in response to an Etruscan invasion. It is unclear whether they came together in defense or as a result of being brought under Etruscan rule
Cuneiform | Definition, History, & Facts [3]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. cuneiform, system of writing used in the ancient Middle East
Cuneiform was the most widespread and historically significant writing system in the ancient Middle East. Its active history comprised the last three millennia bce, its long development and geographic expansion involved numerous successive cultures and languages, and its overall significance as an international graphic medium of civilization is second only to that of the Phoenician-Greek-Latin alphabet.
The origins of cuneiform may be traced back approximately to the end of the 4th millennium bce. At that time the Sumerians, a people of unknown ethnic and linguistic affinities, inhabited southern Mesopotamia and the region west of the mouth of the Euphrates known as Chaldea
Where Did Writing Come From? [4]
In a world in which immediate access to words and information is taken for granted, it is hard to imagine a time when writing began.. Archaeological discoveries in ancient Mesopotamia (now mostly modern Iraq) show the initial power and purpose of writing, from administrative and legal functions to poetry and literature.
The earliest known writing was invented there around 3400 B.C. The development of a Sumerian script was influenced by local materials: clay for tablets and reeds for styluses (writing tools)
Even after Sumerian died out as a spoken language around 2000 B.C., it survived as a scholarly language and script. Other peoples within and near Mesopotamia, from Turkey, Syria, and Egypt to Iran, adopted the later version of this script developed by the Akkadians (the first recognizable Semitic people), who succeeded the Sumerians as rulers of Mesopotamia
Cuneiform [5]
Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the Sumerian city of Uruk, which advanced the writing of cuneiform c
The name comes from the Latin word cuneus for wedge owing to the wedge-shaped style of writing. In cuneiform, a carefully cut writing implement known as a stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-like imprints that represent word-signs (pictographs) and, later, phonograms or word-concepts (closer to a modern-day understanding of a word)
When the ancient cuneiform tablets of Mesopotamia were discovered and deciphered in the late 19th century, they would literally transform human understanding of history. Prior to their discovery, the Bible was considered the oldest and most authoritative book in the world and nothing was known of the ancient Sumerian civilization.
The Evolution of Writing [6]
Published in James Wright, ed., INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Elsevier, 2014. Writing – a system of graphic marks representing the units of a specific language – has been invented independently in the Near East, China and Mesoamerica
It is also the only writing system which can be traced to its earliest prehistoric origin. This antecedent of the cuneiform script was a system of counting and recording goods with clay tokens
The three writing systems that developed independently in the Near East, China and Mesoamerica, shared a remarkable stability. Each preserved over millennia features characteristic of their original prototypes
Sumerian language | History, Characteristics, & Facts [7]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. – Ancient Origins – Sumerian Tablets: A Deeper Understanding of the Oldest Known Written Language
– University of Pennsylvania – Nimrud: Materialities of Assyrian Knowledge Production – The Sumerian language. – language isolate Sumerian literature extinct language
First attested about 3100 bce in southern Mesopotamia, it flourished during the 3rd millennium bce. About 2000 bce, Sumerian was replaced as a spoken language by Semitic Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) but continued in written usage almost to the end of the life of the Akkadian language, around the beginning of the Christian era
The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia: Emergence and Evolution [8]
The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia: Emergence and Evolution. The earliest writing systems evolved independently and at roughly the same time in Egypt and Mesopotamia, but current scholarship suggests that Mesopotamia’s writing appeared first
At first, this writing was representational: a bull might be represented by a picture of a bull, and a pictograph of barley signified the word barley. Though writing began as pictures, this system was inconvenient for conveying anything other than simple nouns, and it became increasingly abstract as it evolved to encompass more abstract concepts, eventually taking form in the world’s earliest writing: cuneiform
Cuneiform came to function both phonetically (representing a sound) and semantically (representing a meaning such as an object or concept) rather than only representing objects directly as a picture.. This lesson plan, intended for use in the teaching of world history in the middle grades, is designed to help students appreciate the parallel development and increasing complexity of writing and civilization in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys in ancient Mesopotamia
Visible Language (Part I) — Google Arts & Culture [9]
2219-1995) by UnknownInstitute for the Study of Ancient Cultures Museum. Writing is a way of making language visible, allowing us to store and transmit messages across time and space.
History and literature took on forms that were easily passed from one generation to the next through oral communication.. As such, social bureaucracies and power structures faced limitations in organizing large populations and resources—an obstacle that semiotic systems helped to overcome.
There are four instances in human history when writing was invented with no previous exposure to, or knowledge of, writing: in Mesopotamia and Egypt at the end of the fourth millennium BC, in China during the second millennium BC, and in Mesoamerica by the middle of the first millennium BC. These writing systems are considered “pristine” because they were created independently.
The Invention of Writing – Storytelling [10]
By 8000 BCE, possibly the most important transformation in the history of human civilization took place: around the world, the in the Near East, in South and Central America, and in Southeast Asia, human beings ceased to hunt and began instead to farm, plowing and planting seeds, growing crops, and domesticating animals, using them not only as a reliable source of food and clothing, but also beasts of burden, inaugurating what is known as the Neolithic period (“New Stone Age”). Hunters and gatherers became herders and farmers, and more permanent societies began to develop.
One historian categorized the Neolithic era as the matrix from which civilization appears and provides the preconditions on which it rests. These preconditions include the ability to grow wheat, maize, rice, and barley, along with the capability of domesticating formerly wild pigs, goats, sheep, and cattle
As the ice covering the Northern Hemisphere began to recede around 10,000 BCE, the seas rose, covering, for instance, the cave entrance at Cosquer in southern France, filling what is now the North Sea and English Channel with water, and inundating the land bridge that had connected Asia and North America. Agriculture began to replace hunting and gathering, and with it, a nomadic lifestyle gave way to a more sedentary way of life
Cuneiform, an introduction – Smarthistory [11]
The earliest writing we know of dates back to around 3000 B.C.E. and was probably invented by the Sumerians, living in major cities with centralized economies in what is now southern Iraq
Temple officials needed to keep records of the grain, sheep, and cattle entering or leaving their stores and farms and it became impossible to rely on memory. So, an alternative method was required and the very earliest texts were pictures of the items scribes needed to record (known as pictographs).
The first written language in Mesopotamia is called Sumerian. Most of the early tablets come from the site of Uruk, in southern Mesopotamia, and it may have been here that this form of writing was invented.
Department of Archaeology [12]
The principal languages of ancient Mesopotamia were Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian (together sometimes known as ‘Akkadian’), Amorite, and – later – Aramaic. wedge-shaped) script, deciphered by Henry Rawlinson and other scholars in the 1850s
Mesopotamian languages in the cuneiform script are mostly written on clay tablets, though they could also be carved on stone (example here). Being incredibly durable, clay tablets have been recovered in thousands at archaeological sites from the Mediterranean to Bahrain to Iran
As the world’s first fully urban society, ancient Mesopotamia is of paramount interest to world archaeology, and its art, architecture and technology were the rival, and indeed often the precursors, of Egypt’s. Mesopotamia was open on all sides to its neighbours, and its influence can be traced from India to Greece: the Pharaoh’s scribes used cuneiform script to correspond with the Great Kings of the Hittites in Turkey, at Ugarit on the Syrian coast the forerunners of the Phoenicians kept their legal and commercial records on cuneiform tablets in Babylonian, and later the Biblical and Classical worlds grew up in the shadow of these ancient cultures to the east (and sometimes under their direct political domination).
The World’s Oldest Writing [13]
A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. Used by scribes for more than three millennia, cuneiform writing opens a dramatic window onto ancient Mesopotamian life
The wedge-shaped writing on the tablets, known as cuneiform, demonstrated that these ancient stargazers used geometric calculations to predict the motion of Jupiter. 1400 that these techniques were first employed—by English and French mathematicians
Judging by the story’s enthusiastic reception on social media, this discovery captured the public imagination. It implicitly challenged the perception that cuneiform tablets were used merely for basic accounting, such as tallying grain, rather than for complex astronomical calculations
How was Writing Invented? – Video & Lesson Transcript [14]
Imagine that you are a shepherd and it is time to pay your taxes. You don’t have any money because as a shepherd, you live out in the hills and don’t go to the market enough to actually use it
The taxman comes around and takes a number of your sheep. In any event, how do you prove that you’ve paid your taxes so that the next taxman can’t come along and take more?
But, what about the taxman? How can he be sure that he won’t forget that he’s already collected from you? If only there were some way of remembering this sort of thing for the future.. Luckily for us, we don’t have to worry about remembering everything today because more than 4,000 years ago, someone in what is now Mesopotamia had a genius idea
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- https://www.getty.edu/news/where-did-writing-come-from/#:~:text=The%20earliest%20known%20writing%20was,for%20styluses%20(writing%20tools).
- https://www.mpm.edu/research-collections/anthropology/anthropology-collections-research/mediterranean-oil-lamps/roman-empire-brief-history#:~:text=Rome%20entered%20its%20Republican%20Period,nominated%20in%20times%20of%20crisis.
- https://www.britannica.com/topic/cuneiform#:~:text=cuneiform%2C%20system%20of%20writing%20used,in%20the%20ancient%20Middle%20East.
- https://www.getty.edu/news/where-did-writing-come-from/
- https://www.worldhistory.org/cuneiform/
- https://sites.utexas.edu/dsb/tokens/the-evolution-of-writing/
- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sumerian-language
- https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/cuneiform-writing-system-ancient-mesopotamia-emergence-and-evolution
- https://artsandculture.google.com/story/rwWhZTdobl0nLA
- https://pressbooks.pub/storytelling/chapter/the-invention-of-writing/
- https://smarthistory.org/cuneiform/
- https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/about-us/mesopotamia/mesopotamia-history/mesopotamia-languages
- https://www.archaeology.org/issues/213-1605/features/4326-cuneiform-the-world-s-oldest-writing
- https://study.com/learn/lesson/invention-writing-history-evolution.html
