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The Cold War: The Berlin Blockade – Episode 12
The Cold War: The Berlin Blockade – Episode 12
The Cold War: The Berlin Blockade – Episode 12
Berlin Blockade: Definition, Date & Airlift [1]
The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of the United States, Great Britain and France to travel to their respective sectors of the city of Berlin, which lay entirely inside Russian-occupied East Germany. policy of giving economic aid to Germany and other struggling European nations, as well as efforts by the Western Allies to introduce a single currency to the zones they occupied in Germany and Berlin, the Soviets blocked all rail, road and canal access to the western zones of Berlin
Western powers began an airlift that lasted nearly a year and delivered vital supplies and relief to West Berlin.. At the end of World War II, the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union divided defeated Germany into four occupation zones, as outlined at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and formalized at Potsdam later that year.
But if the agendas of the Soviet Union and its western Allies had aligned in time of war, they quickly began to diverge, particularly over the future of Germany. Led by Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union wanted to punish Germany economically, forcing the country to pay war reparations and contribute its industrial technology to help postwar Soviet recovery.
Berlin blockade | Overview, Significance, History, & Facts [2]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. Berlin blockade, international crisis that arose from an attempt by the Soviet Union, in 1948–49, to force the Western Allied powers (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) to abandon their post-World War II jurisdictions in West Berlin.
In protest, the Soviet representative withdrew from the Allied Control Council. Coincident with the introduction of a new deutsche mark in West Berlin (as throughout West Germany), which the Soviets regarded as a violation of agreements with the Allies, the Soviet occupation forces in eastern Germany began a blockade of all rail, road, and water communications between Berlin and the West
On June 26 the United States and Britain began to supply the city with food and other vital supplies by air. They also organized a similar “airlift” in the opposite direction of West Berlin’s greatly reduced industrial exports
Berlin blockade | Overview, Significance, History, & Facts [3]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. Berlin blockade, international crisis that arose from an attempt by the Soviet Union, in 1948–49, to force the Western Allied powers (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) to abandon their post-World War II jurisdictions in West Berlin.
In protest, the Soviet representative withdrew from the Allied Control Council. Coincident with the introduction of a new deutsche mark in West Berlin (as throughout West Germany), which the Soviets regarded as a violation of agreements with the Allies, the Soviet occupation forces in eastern Germany began a blockade of all rail, road, and water communications between Berlin and the West
On June 26 the United States and Britain began to supply the city with food and other vital supplies by air. They also organized a similar “airlift” in the opposite direction of West Berlin’s greatly reduced industrial exports
Berlin Blockade [4]
West Berliners watch a Douglas C-54 Skymaster land at Tempelhof Airport, 1948. 39 British, 31 Americans killed and 1 Australian killed
During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies’ railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche Mark from West Berlin.
‘”Berlin Air Bridge”‘) from 26 June 1948 to 30 September 1949 to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin, a difficult feat given the size of the city and the population.[1][2] American and British air forces flew over Berlin more than 250,000 times, dropping necessities such as fuel and food, with the original plan being to lift 3,475 tons of supplies daily. By the spring of 1949, that number was often met twofold, with the peak daily delivery totalling 12,941 tons.[3] Among these, was the work of the later concurrent Operation Little Vittles in which candy-dropping aircraft dubbed “raisin bombers” generated much goodwill among German children.[4]
The Blockade of Berlin [5]
One of the most brutal conflicts in recent history, World War II devastated 113 countries from six continents. Beginning in 1939, the Allied forces — primarily Britain, Russia and the USA — sought to stop Nazi Germany in its conquest for European domination
By 1945, Western Europe had been ravaged, an entire race of people had come close to extinction and the dynamic of power in several affected countries had been forever changed. Hitler committed suicide in May 1945, and the Nazi regime collapsed
Following the war, a defeated Germany was divided into four sections, each of which was to be occupied by one of the Allied Powers. The Soviet Union took control of the eastern part of Germany, while France, Great Britain and the United States took control of the western part
Office of the Historian [6]
Foreign Relations” has been retired and is no longer maintained. At the end of the Second World War, U.S., British, and Soviet military forces divided and occupied Germany
The United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled western portions of the city, while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector. As the wartime alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union ended and friendly relations turned hostile, the question of whether the western occupation zones in Berlin would remain under Western Allied control or whether the city would be absorbed into Soviet-controlled eastern Germany led to the first Berlin crisis of the Cold War
The United States and United Kingdom responded by airlifting food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in western Germany. The crisis ended on May 12, 1949, when Soviet forces lifted the blockade on land access to western Berlin.
The Berlin Airlift [7]
– Explain the continuities and changes in Cold War policies from 1945 to 1980. Use this narrative with the Who Was Responsible for Starting the Cold War? Point-Counterpoint and the Winston Churchill, “Sinews of Peace,” March 1946 Primary Source to have students analyze the start of the Cold War and tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States and its allies.
The United States and Great Britain responded by organizing an airlift, codenamed “Operation Vittles,” that supplied the people of West Berlin from the air with food, fuel, and clothing on a ’round-the-clock basis. It was one of the first battles of will between the Americans and Soviets at the dawn of the Cold War.
At that meeting, with victory in Europe in sight, the Allies agreed to divide defeated Germany into four zones of occupation, with one each for the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Berlin, the German capital, was to be similarly divided, even though the city itself was situated entirely within the Soviet zone in eastern Germany
Berlin Blockade: Explanation, Date & Significance [8]
In 1948, the Soviets blocked off the Allies’ two land routes into West Berlin, leaving West Berliners with a supply of food that would last them less than 36 days and less than 45 days’ worth of fuel. This tense situation and the Western Allies’ reaction to it made the Berlin Blockade the first major crisis of the Cold War…
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In 1948, the Soviets blocked off the Allies’ two land routes into West Berlin, leaving West Berliners with a supply of food that would last them less than 36 days and less than 45 days’ worth of fuel. This tense situation and the Western Allies’ reaction to it made the Berlin Blockade the first major crisis of the Cold War and determined for many that the Soviet Union was the aggressor
Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift, 1948-49 [9]
The USA entered World War Two against Germany and Japan in 1941, creating an uneasy alliance of the USA, Britain and the USSR. This alliance would ultimately fail and break down into the Cold War.
Stalin wanted Germany to remain weak, as a strong Germany could represent a threat to the Soviet Union. The Western Allies disagreed and were encouraging Germany to rebuild in the Western sectors
It is also important to note that at this stage the USSR had not yet developed its own atomic weapons.. On 24 June 1948, Stalin cut all land access to Berlin for the Allies
American Experience [10]
The blockade of Berlin was the first serious crisis of the Cold War. By 1948, the Western allies began moving towards consolidating their occupation zones in Western Germany into a single independent German state
The new currency, over which the Soviets would have no control, was also to become legal tender in the Western sectors of Berlin.. The USSR, which had been invaded twice by Germany, was alarmed at the prospect of a strong Germany
They also imposed a blockade on West Berlin, cutting off all land and rail routes into the Western sectors. Lucius Clay, the military governor of the American zone of occupied Germany wrote: “When the order of the Soviet Military Administration to close all rail traffic from the western zones went into effect at 6:00AM on the morning of June 24, 1948, the three western sectors of Berlin, with a civilian population of about 2,500,000 people, became dependent on reserve stocks and airlift replacements
The Berlin Airlift: What It Was, Its Importance in the Cold War [11]
June 26 marks the 70th anniversary of the beginning of the Berlin Airlift, America’s first major test of resolve during the Cold War and one of the largest humanitarian aid missions in history.. Never heard of it? Well, you’re in luck – we’ve summed the history up for you here.
About 2.5 million Berliners were still living in the war-ravaged city, but food was scarce and shelter was hard to find amid all the rubble. The economy was mostly black market goods at that point.
Berlin was also divided into occupation zones; the Soviets controlled the eastern portion while the west went to the U.S., UK and France.. Unfortunately, the Soviet-Allied alliance deteriorated quickly, and tensions fully erupted by 1948.
During the First World War, Britain intended to use its powerful navy to starve Germany and Austria-Hungary into submission. By maintaining a blockade of enemy ports it hoped to cut off supplies from the outside world
A similar blockade was maintained in the Adriatic Sea, with French and Italian aid. Neutral vessels were theoretically permitted to continue trading, but Britain progressively widened the definition of ‘contraband’ cargo and, from early 1915 began to seize all commodities bound for the Central Powers
A Berlin butcher’s shop looted in a food riot, 1919. The blockade of Germany was maintained during the period between the armistice and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919
Berlin after 1945 [13]
On June 16, construction workers on East Berlin’s Stalinallee go on strike in protest against a state-mandated rise in work quotas. On June 17, the strike becomes an uprising that spreads to many other cities in the GDR and culminates in the demand that the SED regime be removed and free elections held in all of Germany
On August 4, the West German parliament declares June 17 a national day of remembrance, the “day of German unity.”. The refugee transit camp Marienfelde opens on August 22 in West Berlin to take in people fleeing the GDR.
East Berlin’s Tierpark zoo opens at Schlosspark Friedrichsfelde on July 2.. The airline “Deutsche Lufthansa der DDR” (known as Interflug after 1959) puts the Schönefeld airport, taken over from the Soviet occupying power, into operation on September 16 as the GDR’s first commercial airport.
The Berlin blockade – archive, 1948 [14]
Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the Allies split the country into four temporary zones of occupation. Berlin, the capital, located within the Soviet Union controlled eastern part, was also divided into four sectors.
In reply, the Soviet authorities announced that the four-power administration of Berlin had ceased and that the Allies no longer had any rights there. Power supplies and all road and rail links to the city were closed, thus beginning the blockade of Berlin
It is hard to see any honourable alternative course before the Western Allies except to stand firm in Berlin. We are there by virtue of the arrangement between the Allies after the German defeat; we have under our direct charge two million people; our presence there prevents this still great European capital, predominantly non-Communist, from being delivered over to Communist tyranny.
Sources
- https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-blockade#:~:text=Alarmed%20by%20the%20new%20U.S.,the%20western%20zones%20of%20Berlin.
- https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-blockade#:~:text=Berlin%20blockade%2C%20international%20crisis%20that,II%20jurisdictions%20in%20West%20Berlin.
- https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-blockade
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Blockade
- https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/presidential-inquiries/blockade-berlin
- https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/berlin-airlift
- https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-berlin-airlift
- https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/cold-war/the-berlin-blockade/
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z3t42p3/revision/7
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bomb-blockade/
- https://www.defense.gov/News/Inside-DOD/Blog/article/2062719/the-berlin-airlift-what-it-was-its-importance-in-the-cold-war/
- https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-british-naval-blockade-of-the-first-world-war
- https://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/en/history/berlin-after-1945/
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2018/jul/27/berlin-blockade-cold-war-1948
