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2-Minute Neuroscience: Glial Cells
2-Minute Neuroscience: Glial Cells
2-Minute Neuroscience: Glial Cells
Neuroglia: Realising their true potential [1]
The name neuroglia is generally translated as nerve glue. In the recent past, this has been used to describe passive structural cells
In the central nervous system, the main kinds of neuroglia are astrocytes (the primary homeostatic cells that ensure synaptic transmission), oligodendrocytes (which form the myelin that ensures rapid electrical transmission) and microglia (the main immune cells). In the peripheral nervous system, neuroglia comprise Schwann cells, satellite glia and enteric glia
Without nerve glue, the body cannot function and the future will begin to unlock their importance in higher cognitive functions that set humans apart from other animals and their true potential as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative and other diseases.. The name neuroglia is generally translated as nerve glue
Nervous system – Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia [2]
– Transmission of information in the nervous system. Apart from conventional histological and electron-microscopic techniques, immunologic techniques are used to identify different neuroglial cell types
Fibrous astrocytes are prevalent among myelinated nerve fibres in the white matter of the central nervous system. Organelles seen in the somata of neurons are also seen in astrocytes, but they appear to be much sparser
The main processes exit the cell in a radial direction (hence the name astrocyte, meaning “star-shaped cell”), forming expansions and end feet at the surfaces of vascular capillaries.. Unlike fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes occur in the gray matter of the central nervous system
10.2A: Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System [3]
Glia, named from the Greek word for “glue,” support and scaffold neurons while performing other unique functions.. – Identify the types of neuroglia in central nervous system
– Neuroglia in the PNS include Schwann cells and satellite cells.Astrocytes support and brace the neurons and anchor them to their nutrient supply lines. They also play an important role in making exchanges between capillaries and neurons.
– Ependymal cells are another glial subtype that line the ventricles of the CNS to help circulate the CSF.. – Oligodendrocytes are cells that wrap their process tightly around the fibers producing an insulating covering called myelin sheath.
Glial Cells [4]
Numerous glial cells give support to the neurones, and in addition aid in the maintenance of homeostasis, and form myelin. Although there are about 86-100 billion neurons in the brain, glial cells are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system.
Most glial cells are capable of mitotic division.[2][3][4] Size plays a role with the macroglia (larger glial cells) insulating, protecting, and helping neurons to develop and migrate. and the microglia (smaller types of glia) have phagocytic properties, digesting foreign particles.[5]
They are star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons. Functions include: clean up brain “debris”; transport nutrients to neurons; hold neurons in place; digest parts of dead neurons; regulate content of extracellular space; promote synaptic connections; clear excess neurotransmitters; ensure the continued function of neurons[6].
Wikipedia [5]
|Precursor||Neuroectoderm for macroglia, and hematopoietic stem cells for microglia|. Glia, also called glial cells (gliocytes) or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses
They also play a role in neurotransmission and synaptic connections,[3] and in physiological processes such as breathing.[4][5][6] While glia were thought to outnumber neurons by a ratio of 10:1, recent studies using newer methods and reappraisal of historical quantitative evidence suggests an overall ratio of less than 1:1, with substantial variation between different brain tissues.[7][8]. Glial cells have far more cellular diversity and functions than neurons, and glial cells can respond to and manipulate neurotransmission in many ways
Glia were discovered in 1856, by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a “connective tissue” in the brain.[9] The term derives from Greek γλία and γλοία “glue”[10] (English: /ˈɡliːə/ or /ˈɡlaɪə/), and suggests the original impression that they were the glue of the nervous system.. The most abundant type of macroglial cell in the CNS,[11] astrocytes (also called astroglia) have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply while forming the blood–brain barrier
Organization of Cell Types (Section 1, Chapter 8) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences | Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy – The University of Texas Medical School at [6]
The human nervous system is estimated to consist of roughly 360 billion non-neural glial cells and 90 billion nerve cells. Furthermore, there are hundreds of different types of neurons based on morphology alone
For example, they utilize and respond to different neurotransmitter(s). This section reviews the cellular components of nervous tissue
After reviewing the Model Neuron above, learn more about the function of each structure by tapping from the list below.. Click the identified structures on the model neuron to move to the related section.
Nervous system – Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia [7]
– Transmission of information in the nervous system. Apart from conventional histological and electron-microscopic techniques, immunologic techniques are used to identify different neuroglial cell types
Fibrous astrocytes are prevalent among myelinated nerve fibres in the white matter of the central nervous system. Organelles seen in the somata of neurons are also seen in astrocytes, but they appear to be much sparser
The main processes exit the cell in a radial direction (hence the name astrocyte, meaning “star-shaped cell”), forming expansions and end feet at the surfaces of vascular capillaries.. Unlike fibrous astrocytes, protoplasmic astrocytes occur in the gray matter of the central nervous system
16.1 Neurons and Glial Cells – Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition [8]
– List and describe the functions of the structural components of a neuron. – Compare the functions of different types of glial cells
Some organisms, like sea sponges, lack a true nervous system. Others, like jellyfish, lack a true brain and instead have a system of separate but connected nerve cells (neurons) called a “nerve net.” Echinoderms such as sea stars have nerve cells that are bundled into fibers called nerves
The insect nervous system is more complex but also fairly decentralized. It contains a brain, ventral nerve cord, and ganglia (clusters of connected neurons)
Glial cells: Types and function [9]
Glial cells are an integral part of the human nervous system. They have various functions that help support and nourish nerve cells, or neurons
They do this by facilitating communication between neurons, regulating inflammation and forming the blood-brain barrier.. Each glial cell type has a specific role in supporting the central and peripheral nervous systems
This article will provide a comprehensive overview of these cells and their functions.. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, the body’s main control center.
Nitric Oxide in Astrocyte-Neuron Signaling (Thesis/Dissertation) [10]
Astrocytes, a subtype of glial cell, have recently been shown to exhibit Ca2+ elevations in response to neurotransmitters. A Ca2+ elevation can propagate to adjacent astrocytes as a Ca2+ wave, which allows an astrocyte to communicate with its neighbors
In this dissertation, the author investigated the roles of another endogenous signal, nitric oxide (NO), in astrocyte-neuron signaling. First the author tested if NO is generated during astrocytic Ca2+ signaling by imaging NO in purified murine cortical astrocyte cultures
To test the roles of NO in astrocytic Ca2+ signaling, the author applied NO to astrocyte cultures via addition of a NO donor, S-nitrosol-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). NO induced an influx of external Ca2+, possibly through store-operated Ca2+ channels
Cells of the Nervous System [11]
The nervous system comprises of two groups of cells, glial cells and neurones. Neurones are responsible for sensing change in their environment and communicating with other neurones via electrochemical signals
This article will discuss the function of neurones and glial cells.. – Cell body or Soma – this contains the nucleus and the neurone’s intracellular organelles (such as the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus)
– Dendrites – these processes originate from the soma and extend outwards. They transmit signals received from other neurones to the soma.
Central nervous system regeneration: the roles of glial cells in the potential molecular mechanism underlying remyelination – Inflammation and Regeneration [12]
Central nervous system regeneration: the roles of glial cells in the potential molecular mechanism underlying remyelination. Inflammation and Regeneration volume 42, Article number: 7 (2022)
However, the roles of these cells and the molecular mechanisms toward regeneration in the CNS have not been fully understood, especially the capacity of them toward demyelinating diseases. Therefore, there are still very limited therapeutic strategies to restore the function of adult CNS in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS)
Promoting remyelination by therapeutic interventions is a promising novel approach to restore the CNS function. Herein, we review the role of glial cells in CNS diseases and injuries
Glial Cells Types and Functions [13]
Glial cells, also called glial cells or neuroglia, are cell which are non-neuronal and are located within the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport.. Glial cells are a general term for many types of glial cell, for example microglial, astrocytes, and Schwann cells, each having their own functions within the body
Primarily, glial cells provide support and protection to the neurons ( nerve cells ), maintain homeostasis, cleaning up debris, and forming myelin. They essentially work to care for the neurons and the environment they are in.
Whilst looking for connective tissue in the brain, Virchow identified substance connected to the neurons.. This material was given the name nervenkitt in German, and neuroglial in Greek, which both translate to nerve glue
Glial cell histology [14]
The term glial cell (more formally referred to as neuroglia) was traditionally used in reference to cells of the central nervous system. Over recent years, the definition of the term has been widened to include all non-neuronal cells that are associated with neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Glial cells are smaller, more numerous and are morphologically and functionally different from neuronal cells. Additionally, they do not propagate action potentials
There are four general types of glia in the central nervous system; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Some of these cells can be further subdivided based on their embryology.
Sources
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7058207/#:~:text=In%20the%20PNS%2C%20the%20main,system%20of%20the%20gastrointestinal%20tract.
- https://www.britannica.com/science/nervous-system/Types-of-neuroglia#:~:text=Oligodendrocytes%20and%20Schwann%20cells%20produce%20the%20myelin%20sheath%20around%20neuronal%20axons.
- https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/10%3A_Overview_of_the_Nervous_System/10.2%3A_Neuroglia/10.2A%3A_Neuroglia_of_the_Central_Nervous_System#:~:text=Neuroglia%20in%20the%20CNS%20include,to%20their%20nutrient%20supply%20lines.
- https://www.physio-pedia.com/Glial_Cells
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia
- https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s1/chapter08.html
- https://www.britannica.com/science/nervous-system/Types-of-neuroglia
- https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/16-1-neurons-and-glial-cells/
- https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/glial-cells-function
- https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/803739
- https://teachmephysiology.com/nervous-system/components/cells-nervous-system/
- https://inflammregen.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41232-022-00193-y
- https://www.simplypsychology.org/glial-cells.html
- https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-glial-cells
