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What Was The Iron Curtain? Where did the term come from? The cold war?
What Was The Iron Curtain? Where did the term come from? The cold war?
What Was The Iron Curtain? Where did the term come from? The cold war?
Iron Curtain [1]
The Iron Curtain is a political metaphor used to describe the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union (USSR) to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West, its allies and neutral states
Separate international economic and military alliances were developed on each side of the Iron Curtain. It later became a term for the 7,000-kilometre-long (4,300 mi) physical barrier of fences, walls, minefields, and watchtowers that divided the “east” and “west”
The nations to the east of the Iron Curtain were Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania[b], and the USSR; however, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR have since ceased to exist. Countries that made up the USSR were Russia, Belarus, Latvia, Ukraine, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Lithuania, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan
Iron Curtain [2]
The Iron Curtain is a political metaphor used to describe the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union (USSR) to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West, its allies and neutral states
Separate international economic and military alliances were developed on each side of the Iron Curtain. It later became a term for the 7,000-kilometre-long (4,300 mi) physical barrier of fences, walls, minefields, and watchtowers that divided the “east” and “west”
The nations to the east of the Iron Curtain were Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania[b], and the USSR; however, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR have since ceased to exist. Countries that made up the USSR were Russia, Belarus, Latvia, Ukraine, Estonia, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Lithuania, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan
The Cold War Part 1 [3]
The foundations of the Cold War were, as seen in the previous section, well established by the close of WWII. This section explains the roots of the Cold War, its consequences in Europe and globally, and the major political players involved
position was to remain friendly to the Soviet Union, as it was an extremely important ally against the Nazis. Soon after the war ended, the wartime alliance completely disintegrated
In March 1946, he sent his famous “Long Telegram,” which outlined his critiques of the Soviet system and highlighted several concerns he had regarding the future of the two countries’ relationship.. Essentially, Kennan concluded that the Soviet Union, and its brand of communism, was at war with capitalism and any country that subscribed to its ideology
U.S. Diplomatic Couriers [4]
In the 1950s, Diplomatic Couriers traveled tens of thousands of miles per year, crossing borders both geographic and cultural. The United States and the USSR, once allied at the end of World War II, had become adversaries in what became known as the Cold War, as Soviet power crept further west across Europe
The Truman administration looked to military alliances and humanitarian assistance to bolster the security and prosperity of Western Europe and cement Euro-Atlantic ties. The North Atlantic Treaty signed in in 1949 brought the United States, Canada, and much of Western Europe into a collective security alliance
Marshall, directed $12 billion toward the rebuilding of Western Europe, regenerating industrialization and bringing extensive investment into the region.. The Soviet refusal either to participate in the Marshall Plan or to allow its satellite states in Eastern Europe to accept the economic assistance helped to reinforce the growing division between the East and the West in Europe
Behind the Iron Curtain [5]
– The First Diplomats of Soviet Estonia on the Eve of the Cold War: The Creation of the Estonian SSR People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs in 1944. – National Self-Determination, Modernization, and the Estonian-Soviet Propaganda Contest in the Early Cold War Era
– The “Estonian Affair” in the Context of Late-Stalinist Party Purges. – The Economic Impact of the Early Cold War on the Estonian SSR
– Images of the Enemy and the Hero in Stalinist Estonian-Language Textbooks. – KGB and Stasi Traces in Historiography: A Case Study of the Literature on the Estonian Prewar Military Intelligence Service
Tearing the Iron Curtain Apart — Google Arts & Culture [6]
The end of World War II in 1945 did not bring freedom and sovereignty to all European countries. Nearly half the continent, including Poland and East Germany, found itself under the control of the USSR
While the West in the 1950s had systematically headed toward a multidimensional integration and reconciliation, the Eastern Bloc’s nations – friends by decree – were deeply divided by boundaries no less hard to cross than those between the East and the West. New barriers arose from the Cold War; at the same time, old grudges and wounds were kept alive
As problematic as physical borders were restrictions to freedom of speech, public meetings and manifestations expressing beliefs. Though official circulation of information including press photos was controlled and censored as tightly as possible, it was not possible to hide all related events and images, and diminish their meaning
Cold War Psychology in Eastern Europe [7]
The Cold War took place between 1948 and 1991 and centered on the antagonism between the two great superpowers, the US and the USSR, each with its allies and areas of influence. If the US had a significant influence in the West, the USSR dominated the countries of Eastern Europe
The psychological traditions consolidated up to that time were in many of these countries eradicated, meaning the restructuring or abolition of higher education, the abolition of scientific societies and journals. Many psychologists with connections to the Western academic world were purged and persecuted
Theories or approaches that did not reflect official ideology were forbidden and labeled as bourgeois pseudoscience. Authorities severely punished psychological practice based on such theories
Mcghee 2 [8]
INT: So could I just ask you to sum up the last part of that answer again? How important in the long-term development of American policy towards Europe was that weekend at the end of February 1947?. GM: Well, this decision, I’m not sure that all of us recognised the importance of it at the time, but unquestionably was one of the decisive decisions that the Government had ever made, and its effect on the future of..
we were in such a critical situation that the French at one time had accumulated two million members of the Communist Party. And if we had not made this decisive, very clear,..
Truman was a man that never failed to meet things head-on; he didn’t like to equivocate, he didn’t like to hesitate: if he was right, he took a strong position. And his statement which he later made to the Congress was so firm, that we had to come to the aid of people who were being threatened internally by subversion from..
Conclusion: Eastern Europe in Global Health History [9]
On 5 March 1946, Winston Churchill delivered his famous Fulton speech where he described an ‘Iron Curtain’ descending across the continent from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic. The term ‘Iron Curtain’ soon became both a powerful symbol and a structural concept in understanding post-war realities
In a parliamentary debate on exports to China, speaking as the MP for Woodford, his words revealed the relationship with the communist East as the following:. I could see no reason why, if we had diplomatic relations with Communist Russia, Communist Poland and other countries inside the Iron Curtain, we could not have them with China
After all, vaccination is undoubtedly a definite recognition of smallpox. Certainly I think that it would be very foolish, in ordinary circumstances, not to keep necessary contacts with countries with whom one is not at war.1
Propaganda Deep Background: Maps [10]
Often the key to a more complete understanding of past events, the maps presented in this section show the geographic relationships that contributed to the events documented in the RED FILES.. On March 5, 1946, in describing the recent appearance of economic, social, and military barriers between Eastern and Western Europe, Winston Churchill said in Fulton in the United States, that “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent.” This vivid metaphor caught the public imagination, and phrases such as “behind the Iron Curtain” remained in widespread use right up until the collapse of Communism
From North Korea to Cuba more countries were separated from the West in the same sense.
Stalin’s postwar border-making tactics [11]
Making use of Russian archives declassified since 1991, this article analyzes four cases in which Stalin tried to shift the borders of the USSR, not only to expand, but also to gain other benefits inherent to the frontier’s dynamics. All the cases date from the period 1944-1946, when Soviet tanks seemed invincible
Two Asian cases cover much territory, with one in the Caucasus involving Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran and Turkey, and one further east concerning the formation of the Soviet borders with the Altai, Mongolia, Xinjiang, China and Japan.. The article’s comparative analysis suggests that Stalin personally supervised all these border operations, aiming at goals involving security, geography and history, in the broadest sense
Stalin also understood the psychological side of territory, its ability to turn politicians’ heads, preventing them from seeing the negative effects of knee-jerk nationalism. By incensing Mikołajczyk, he thwarted Churchill’s good intentions
The Cold War rival to Eurovision [12]
When nestled behind the Iron Curtain, the Soviet Union could not take part in the Eurovision Song Contest, so it set up a rival competition – and called it Intervision.. “The Soviet singer was so eager to win that she did a cartwheel up on stage
I’ll never forget the face of the Soviet ambassador in the front row. We laughed like hell.” – Jerzy Gruza, Polish director of Intervision Song Contest
The Western allies had Nato; the Eastern bloc had the Warsaw Pact.. The West had the Common Market; the East had Comecon.
Student’s Cold War Memoirs by Abdul H. Akida – Ebook [13]
Student’s Cold War Memoirs: Life Behind the Iron Curtain. Truman, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and General Secretary Joseph V
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or. transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.
and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.. Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or
German Marshall Fund of the United States [14]
The Ukraine War and the Responsibilities of Containing Russia. The Russian invasion of Ukraine launched on February 24, 2022 has altered Europe’s strategic dynamic
In Ukraine, a long-festering war had been unresolved for eight years by January 2022. But they were more readily manageable than the current situation: a large-scale war in Ukraine waged by Russia with the assistance of Belarus; a Russian leadership that is anything but risk-averse and whose true strategic intentions are hard to read; a robust effort on the part of the United States and its allies to encourage and supply the Ukrainian military; a vast array of escalatory possibilities stemming either from Russian intent, from accident or from the desire of one or several actors in this conflict to resolve this military crisis
The United States must now adjust to a Europe living in the shadow of war.. To those making strategic readjustments history can be helpful
Sources
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain#:~:text=The%20nations%20to%20the%20east,have%20since%20ceased%20to%20exist.
- https://europe.unc.edu/iron-curtain/history/the-cold-war-part-1/#:~:text=The%20Iron%20Curtain%20was%20a,satellite%20states%20in%20the%20east.
- https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/diplomatic-couriers/behind-the-iron-curtain
- https://www.peterlang.com/document/1049813
- https://artsandculture.google.com/story/tearing-the-iron-curtain-apart/OAXRx7-NrBAA8A
- https://oxfordre.com/psychology/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-598?p=emailAMB921vBo1j5Q&d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-598
- https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/coldwar/interviews/episode-3/mcghee2.html
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565350/
- https://www.pbs.org/redfiles/prop/deep/prop_deep_maps.htm
- https://journals.openedition.org/monderusse/9334?lang=en
- https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18006446
- https://www.scribd.com/book/524402595/Student-s-Cold-War-Memoirs-Life-Behind-the-Iron-Curtain
- https://www.gmfus.org/download/article/20816
