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Hard Disk Drive – 1 | Platter | Track | Cylinder | Sector | Cluster | Read-Write Head | Spindle |
Hard Disk Drive – 1 | Platter | Track | Cylinder | Sector | Cluster | Read-Write Head | Spindle |
Hard Disk Drive – 1 | Platter | Track | Cylinder | Sector | Cluster | Read-Write Head | Spindle |
Introducing computing and IT [1]
“If there are lots of different operating systems, each with its own kind of file system, do you need a different kind of disk drive for each?” asked Rupert. “Good question,” said Gloria, “but the answer is ‘no’
“The most important thing that happens when a disk is formatted is that at least one area of the disk must be loaded with the operating system’s file system in readiness for it to store data. You can have a single partition that contains all the storage space on the drive or divide the space into several different partitions
Anyway, you need at least one partition on the drive and, if you have more than one partition, the formatting process will cause them to be displayed as separate drives by your operating system – for example, in Windows Explorer or Finder on a Mac.. “Some formatting procedures may also check the physical structure of the disk for errors, recording their location so that data is not written to these locations.
Track (disk drive) [2]
A disk drive track is a circular path on the surface of a disk or diskette on which information is magnetically recorded and from which recorded information is read.. A track is a physical division of data in a disk drive, as used in the Cylinder-Head-Record (CCHHR) addressing mode of a CKD disk
In other words, the number of tracks on a single surface in the drive exactly equals the number of cylinders of the drive.. Tracks are subdivided into blocks (or sectors, pages) (see: Storage block and Virtual page).
“3390-9 has 3 logical tracks per physical track”) to emphasize that it is used as an abstract concept, not a track in the physical sense.
Disk sector [3]
In computer disk storage, a sector is a subdivision of a track on a magnetic disk or optical disc. For most disks, each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for hard disk drives (HDDs) and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs
The sector is the minimum storage unit of a hard drive.[1] Most disk partitioning schemes are designed to have files occupy an integral number of sectors regardless of the file’s actual size. Files that do not fill a whole sector will have the remainder of their last sector filled with zeroes
Geometrically, the word sector means a portion of a disk between a center, two radii and a corresponding arc (see Figure 1, item B), which is shaped like a slice of a pie. Thus, the disk sector (Figure 1, item C) refers to the intersection of a track and geometrical sector.
first sector of a harddrive [4]
What is located on the first sector of any hard disk drive? What is contained in it?. The first 512 bytes on a hard drive — aka Sector Zero — contain the Master Boot Record (MBR).
The partition table identifies the file system on the partitions on the disk; there must be at least one.. The boot code processes the partition table to identity which partition is bootable; control then transfers to the first sector, called the boot sector, of the active partition (there can be only one)
What is the Master Boot Record (MBR)? [5]
The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the information in the first sector of a hard disk or a removable drive. It identifies how and where the system’s operating system (OS) is located in order to be booted (loaded) into the computer’s main storage or random access memory (RAM).
In turn, that record contains a program that loads the rest of the OS into RAM.. Simply put, the MBR is a boot sector category that provides information about the hard disk partitions
The MBR contains programs that determine which partition on the hard disk is used for the system boot. As the first sector of the hard disk, it has a specific address: Cylinder 0, Head 0, Sector 1
Disk sector [6]
In computer disk storage, a sector is a subdivision of a track on a magnetic disk or optical disc. For most disks, each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for hard disk drives (HDDs) and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs
The sector is the minimum storage unit of a hard drive.[1] Most disk partitioning schemes are designed to have files occupy an integral number of sectors regardless of the file’s actual size. Files that do not fill a whole sector will have the remainder of their last sector filled with zeroes
Geometrically, the word sector means a portion of a disk between a center, two radii and a corresponding arc (see Figure 1, item B), which is shaped like a slice of a pie. Thus, the disk sector (Figure 1, item C) refers to the intersection of a track and geometrical sector.
Hard Disk Drive Basics [7]
A hard disk is a sealed unit containing a number of platters in a stack. Hard disks may be mounted in a horizontal or a vertical position
Electromagnetic read/write heads are positioned above and below each platter. As the platters spin, the drive heads move in toward the center surface and out toward the edge
On a hard disk, data is stored in thin, concentric bands. A drive head, while in one position can read or write a circular ring, or band called a track
What Is a Disk Sector? (with picture) [8]
A disk sector is part of a hard drive that is used to store data; it is effectively the smallest section of information saved on a drive. In the past, this was made up of 512 bytes of data, while newer systems have been developed to store more information
The information saved for computer files and programs are stored on these sectors, along with data for identification and error correction.. To understand what a disk sector is, it is important to first know how a hard drive is designed
The read/write head of the hard drive, which is used to read and write data onto the platter, is able to moved from the outer edge of the disk toward the center, and back again, to access each track on it.. A mathematical sector is part of a circle that can be visualized as a slice of pie
Lecture – 7 [9]
A hard disk drive is a sealed unit that a PC uses for nonvolatile data storage.. Nonvolatile, or semi-permanent, storage means that the storage device retains the data even when no power is supplied to the computer.
As a result, when the hard disk fails, the consequences are usually very serious.. A hard disk drive contains rigid, disk-shaped platters, usually constructed of aluminum or glass (see fig below).
In most hard disk drives, you can’t remove the platters, which is why they are sometimes called fixed disk drives.. Usually, this term refers to a device in which the entire drive unit (that is, the disk unit containing the platters as well as the rest of the drive) is removable, but it can also refer to cartridge drives, where the platters are contained in a removable cartridge.
Hard disks [10]
This subsection introduces terminology related to hard disks. If you already know the terms and concepts, you can skip this subsection.
A hard disk consists of one or more circular aluminum platters\ , of which either or both surfaces are coated with a magnetic substance used for recording the data. For each surface, there is a read-write head that examines or alters the recorded data
The heads move along the radius of the platters; this movement combined with the rotation of the platters allows the head to access all parts of the surfaces.. The processor (CPU) and the actual disk communicate through a disk controller
Deleted File Recovery and Hard Disk Drive [11]
Each disk consists of platters, rings on each side of each platter called tracks, and sections within each track called sectors.A sector is the smallest physical storage unit on a disk, almost always 512 or 4096 bytes in size.. The cylinder/head/sector notation scheme described in this section is slowly being eliminated
On hard disks, the data is stored on the disk in thin concentric bands called tracks. There can be more than a thousand tracks on a 3½ inch hard disk.
Track numbers start at 0, and track 0 is the outermost track of the disk. If the disk geometry is being translated, the highest numbered track would typically be 1023
What are Hard Disk sector , block , cluster , track , cylinder and head ? [12]
Register now or log in to join your professional community.. in order to get maintain the organized storage and retrieval of data the platters are organized into specific structures
TRACKS: Each platter is broken into thousands of tightly packed concentric circles, known as tracks. These tracks resemble the structure of annual rings of a tree
Starting from zero at the outer side of the platter, the number of tracks goes on increasing to the inner side. Each track can hold a large amount of data counting to thousands of bytes.
What is a Sector? [13]
A division of a storage medium on a hard drive or diskette that is a wedge shaped section of one of the circular tracks. Each arc is a sector that usually holds 512 bytes of data, and is given a sector number for interleaving purposes
The size of sectors can be customized to maximize the storage area. For example, if a user stores smaller files, decreasing the sector size allows more files to fill the space without any leftover room
To view the Bytes/Sector, Sector/Track and Total Sectors of a hard drive in Windows use the System Information tool.. Bad sector, Boot sector, CHS, Hard drive terms, Hardware terms
Operating Systems: Mass-Storage Structure [14]
– Traditional magnetic disks have the following basic structure:. – One or more platters in the form of disks covered with magnetic media
Older hard disk drives would sometimes not use the very top or bottom surface of a stack of platters, as these surfaces were more susceptible to potential damage.. – Each working surface is divided into a number of concentric rings called tracks
all tracks immediately above one another in the following diagram ) is called a cylinder.. – Each track is further divided into sectors, traditionally containing 512 bytes of data each, although some modern disks occasionally use larger sector sizes
14.3. Disk Drives — OpenDSA Data Structures and Algorithms Modules Collection [15]
A programmer typically views a random access file stored on disk as a contiguous series of bytes, with those bytes possibly combining to form data records. The physical file actually stored on disk is usually not a contiguous series of bytes
The file manager, a part of the operating system, is responsible for taking requests for data from a logical file and mapping those requests to the physical location of the data on disk. Likewise, when writing to a particular logical byte position with respect to the beginning of the file, this position must be converted by the file manager into the corresponding physical location on the disk
Disk drives are often referred to as direct access storage devices. This means that it takes roughly equal time to access any record in the file
Sources
- https://www.open.edu/openlearn/digital-computing/introducing-computing-and-it/content-section-5.3#:~:text=Each%20track%20is%20divided%20into,at%20512%20bytes%20in%20size.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_(disk_drive)#:~:text=Tracks%20are%20subdivided%20into%20blocks,track%20in%20the%20physical%20sense.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_sector#:~:text=On%20a%20disk%20that%20uses,KiB)%20cluster%20contains%20eight%20sectors.
- http://www.c-jump.com/bcc/t255t/Week04qna/W04_0570_first_sector_of_a_har.htm#:~:text=The%20first%20512%20bytes%20on,Master%20Boot%20Record%20(MBR).
- https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/Master-Boot-Record-MBR#:~:text=The%20MBR%20is%20about%20512,the%20hard%20drive%20is%20partitioned.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_sector
- http://ntfs.com/hard-disk-basics.htm
- https://www.easytechjunkie.com/what-is-a-disk-sector.htm
- http://kyambille.weebly.com/lecture—7.html
- https://tldp.org/LDP/sag/html/hard-disk.html
- https://www.file-recovery.com/recovery-hard-disk-drive-basics.htm
- https://specialties.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/293876/what-are-hard-disk-sector-block-cluster-track-cylinder-and-head/
- https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/sector.htm
- https://www.cs.uic.edu/~jbell/CourseNotes/OperatingSystems/10_MassStorage.html
- https://opendsa-server.cs.vt.edu/ODSA/Books/Everything/html/Diskdrive.html
