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Phylum Platyhelminthes Part 4: Tapeworms of Class Cestoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes Part 4: Tapeworms of Class Cestoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes Part 4: Tapeworms of Class Cestoda
Planarian | Anatomy & Facts [1]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. planarian, (class Turbellaria), any of a group of widely distributed, mostly free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria (phylum Platyhelminthes)
Most planarians occur in fresh water and are sometimes seen in large masses; some species are marine, others are terrestrial. Some species are parasitic; i.e., they obtain nourishment from the body of another living animal.
The spade-shaped head has two eyes and sometimes tentacles. The mouth is on the ventral, or lower, side, often more than half-way toward the tail
A Tale of Two Planarians [2]
Among the critters that the BugLady has been seeing in the Ephemeral Pond lately have been a variety of flatworms that are generally called planarians. The majority of members of the phylum Platyhelminthes (the flatworms—a phylum that includes the notorious tapeworms and flukes) are parasitic; planarians are labeled the only free-living (non-parasitic) flatworms in the bunch
Although they have only primitive brains, planarians can learn; some have green thumbs; and because of their super-powers, they may have a leg up on this “immortality” thing.. Here’s the technical bit—within the phylum Platyhelminthes is the Cclass Turbellaria (the non-parasitic guys)
class Turbellaria is broken down into several orders, some of whose members only live in salt water, but two orders of flatworms that live in fresh water are Tricladida and Rhabdocoella. Tricladida have fancy, three-branched guts (gastrovascular cavities) and are referred to by those in the inner circles as triclads or planarians, and Rhabdocoela have simple guts and are called Rhabdocoels, or, loosely, planarians
Flatworm | Reproduction, Examples, & Characteristics [3]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. – University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa – Exploring Our Fluid Earth – Worms: Phyla Platyhelmintes, Nematoda, and Annelida
– National Center for Biotechnology Information – PubMed Central – Developmental diversity in free-living flatworms. flatworm, also called platyhelminth, any of the phylum Platyhelminthes, a group of soft-bodied, usually much flattened invertebrates
They are bilaterally symmetrical (i.e., the right and left sides are similar) and lack specialized respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems; no body cavity (coelom) is present. The body is not segmented; spongy connective tissue (mesenchyme) constitutes the so-called parenchyma and fills the space between organs
Wikipedia [4]
The flatworms, flat worms, Platyhelminthes, or platyhelminths (from the Greek πλατύ, platy, meaning “flat” and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), helminth-, meaning “worm”)[4] are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. Unlike other bilaterians, they are acoelomates (having no body cavity), and have no specialised circulatory and respiratory organs, which restricts them to having flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion
In traditional medicinal texts, Platyhelminthes are divided into Turbellaria, which are mostly non-parasitic animals such as planarians, and three entirely parasitic groups: Cestoda, Trematoda and Monogenea; however, since the turbellarians have since been proven not to be monophyletic, this classification is now deprecated. Free-living flatworms are mostly predators, and live in water or in shaded, humid terrestrial environments, such as leaf litter
The eggs of trematodes are excreted from their main hosts, whereas adult cestodes generate vast numbers of hermaphroditic, segment-like proglottids that detach when mature, are excreted, and then release eggs. Unlike the other parasitic groups, the monogeneans are external parasites infesting aquatic animals, and their larvae metamorphose into the adult form after attaching to a suitable host.
Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification and Examples [5]
These are acoelomates and they include many free-living and parasitic life forms.. Members of this phylum range in size from a single-celled organism to around 2-3 feet long.
They are triploblastic, acoelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical.. The body has a soft covering with or without cilia.
They are devoid of the anus and circulatory system but have a mouth.. They respire by simple diffusion through the body surface.
Biology for Majors II [6]
– Describe the unique anatomical and morphological features of flatworms. The flatworms are acoelomate organisms that include many free-living and parasitic forms
The Platyhelminthes consist of two lineages: the Catenulida and the Rhabditophora. The Catenulida, or “chain worms” is a small clade of just over 100 species
However, the offspring do not fully detach from the parents and therefore resemble a chain in appearance. All of the remaining flatworms discussed here are part of the Rhabditophora
Worms: Phyla Platyhelmintes, Nematoda, and Annelida [7]
(A) A whale shark (Rhincodon typus; a vertebrate animal). Most people are familiar with earthworms found in garden soil
Worms are typically long, thin creatures that get around efficiently without legs. The different phyla of worms display a great range in size, complexity, and body structure
Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) have a slightly more complex body plan. Segmented worms (phylum Annelida) are the most complex animals with worm-like body plans
A Tale of Two Planarians [8]
Among the critters that the BugLady has been seeing in the Ephemeral Pond lately have been a variety of flatworms that are generally called planarians. The majority of members of the phylum Platyhelminthes (the flatworms—a phylum that includes the notorious tapeworms and flukes) are parasitic; planarians are labeled the only free-living (non-parasitic) flatworms in the bunch
Although they have only primitive brains, planarians can learn; some have green thumbs; and because of their super-powers, they may have a leg up on this “immortality” thing.. Here’s the technical bit—within the phylum Platyhelminthes is the Cclass Turbellaria (the non-parasitic guys)
class Turbellaria is broken down into several orders, some of whose members only live in salt water, but two orders of flatworms that live in fresh water are Tricladida and Rhabdocoella. Tricladida have fancy, three-branched guts (gastrovascular cavities) and are referred to by those in the inner circles as triclads or planarians, and Rhabdocoela have simple guts and are called Rhabdocoels, or, loosely, planarians
28.3B: Phylum Platyhelminthes [9]
The Platyhelminthes are flatworms that lack a coelom; many are parasitic; all lack either a circulatory or respiratory system.. – Differentiate among the classes of platyhelminthes
– Most flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity rather than a complete digestive system; the same cavity used to bring in food is used to expel waste materials.. – Platyhelminthes are either predators or scavengers; many are parasites that feed on the tissues of their hosts.
– Platyhelminthes are divided into four classes: Turbellaria, free-living marine species; Monogenea, ectoparasites of fish; Trematoda, internal parasites of humans and other species; and Cestoda (tapeworms), which are internal parasites of many vertebrates.. – In flatworms, digested materials are taken into the cells of the gut lining by phagocytosis, rather than being processed internally.
Introduction to the Platyhelminthes [10]
The simplest animals that are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic (composed of three fundamental cell layers) are the Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. Flatworms have no body cavity other than the gut (and the smallest free-living forms may even lack that!) and lack an anus; the same pharyngeal opening both takes in food and expels waste
The lack of a cavity also constrains flatworms to be flat; they must respire by diffusion, and no cell can be too far from the outside, making a flattened shape necessary.. Life without a coelom : The image at left is a fluke (possibly a species of Probolitrema)
Planarians are free-living flatworms, and have a much simpler life history. They inhabit freshwater, and are carnivores (even without teeth) or scavengers
Phylum Platyhelminthes Characteristics, Examples & Classification [11]
Whenever you think about the word ‘animal’, something robust three-dimensional figures must be striking your mind! Have you ever imagined an animal in the form of a cellotape? Yes, there are such animals also on our planet. These animals belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes, another group under kingdom Animalia.
Hence, members of phylum Platyhelminthes are also called flatworms.b. flatworms) with a few of them being free-living (E.g
Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical as the body can be divided into two equal and identical halves, i.e., right half and left half, through only one plane passing through the centre.. Their tissues performing similar functions aggregate to form organs which perform respective physiological functions.
Biology Online Dictionary [12]
tapeworms, trematodes, planarians, etc.) belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes, characterized by a flattened and bilaterally symmetrical body. The flatworms make up the phylum Platyhelminthes (i.e
Some of them are free-living whereas others are parasitic. The phylum is divided into four groups: (1) turbellarians, (2) trematodes, (3) monogeneans, and (4) cestodes
Trematodes include the groups Digenea and Aspidogastrea. They are distinguished by their holdfasts resembling suckers that aid them to anchor within the host
Platyhelminthes [13]
Modified, with permission, from Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine. Flatworms, or platyhelminths, are bilaterally symmetrical and have three tissue layers
The gut, if present, has a single opening to the exterior. As in other bilateral animals, there is an anterior brain and associated sense organs
Neoophorans includes 4500 described species of free-living flatworms. The body is cylindrical in small species (that may be as small as ciliated protozoa) and dorsoventrally flattened in larger species
Characteristics, Classification, Examples and FAQ [14]
Phylum Platyhelminthes belongs to the kingdom Animalia. These are acoelomates and they include many free-living and parasitic life forms
Platyhelminthes are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, dorsoventra, acoelomate flatworms with organ grade of construction without a definite anus, circulatory, skeletal or respiratory system but with Protonephridial excretory system and mesenchyme filling the space between the various organs of the body.. Platyhelminthes have the following important characteristics:
The body has a soft covering with or without cilia.. Their body is dorsoventrally flattened without any segments and appears like a leaf.
Region-specific regulation of stem cell-driven regeneration in tapeworms [15]
Tapeworms grow at rates rivaling the fastest-growing metazoan tissues. To propagate they shed large parts of their body; to replace these lost tissues they regenerate proglottids (segments) as part of normal homeostasis
Using the rat intestinal tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, we find that regenerative potential is regionally limited to the neck, where head-dependent extrinsic signals create a permissive microenvironment for stem cell-driven regeneration. Using transcriptomic analyses and RNA interference, we characterize and functionally validate regulators of tapeworm growth and regeneration
Instead, lethally irradiated tapeworms can be rescued when cells from either regeneration-competent or regeneration-incompetent regions are transplanted into the neck. Together, the head and neck tissues provide extrinsic cues that regulate stem cells, enabling region-specific regeneration in this parasite.
Sources
- https://www.britannica.com/animal/planarian#:~:text=planarian%2C%20(class%20Turbellaria)%2C,class%20Turbellaria%20(phylum%20Platyhelminthes).
- https://uwm.edu/field-station/a-tale-of-two-planarians/#:~:text=The%20majority%20of%20members%20of,parasitic)%20flatworms%20in%20the%20bunch.
- https://www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm
- https://byjus.com/biology/platyhelminthes/
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/
- https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/invertebrates/worms-phyla-platyhelmintes-nematoda-and-annelida
- https://uwm.edu/field-station/a-tale-of-two-planarians/
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/28%3A_Invertebrates/28.03%3A_Superphylum_Lophotrochozoa/28.3B%3A_Phylum_Platyhelminthes
- https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html
- https://www.aakash.ac.in/important-concepts/biology/phylum-platyhelminthes
- https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/flatworm
- https://biosurvey.ou.edu/Invert_manual/Platyhelminthes1.html
- https://www.vedantu.com/biology/platyhelminthes
- https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/495234v3.full
