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Formation of the embryo sac | Sexual reproduction in flowering plants | Biology | Khan Academy
Formation of the embryo sac | Sexual reproduction in flowering plants | Biology | Khan Academy
Formation of the embryo sac | Sexual reproduction in flowering plants | Biology | Khan Academy
Fertilization and implantation [1]
During fertilization, the sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian tubes to form a zygote. Then the zygote travels down the fallopian tube, where it becomes a morula
The blastocyst then burrows into the uterine lining — a process called implantation.. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.
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Embryology, Yolk Sac [2]
This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-.. The yolk sac, or umbilical vesicle, is a small membranous structure outside the embryo with various functions during embryonic development
The yolk stalk is a term that may be used interchangeably with the vitelline duct, omphaloenteric duct, or omphalomesenteric duct. The yolk stalk serves to connect the yolk sac to the midgut, which is an early derivative of the gastrointestinal system
Blastocyst [3]
The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early embryonic development of mammals. It possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) also known as the embryoblast which subsequently forms the embryo, and an outer layer of trophoblast cells called the trophectoderm.[1][2] This layer surrounds the inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity known as the blastocoel.[3] In the late blastocyst the trophectoderm is known as the trophoblast.[2] The trophoblast gives rise to the chorion and amnion, the two fetal membranes that surround the embryo
The name “blastocyst” arises from the Greek βλαστός blastós (“a sprout”) and κύστις kýstis (“bladder, capsule”).. In other[clarification needed] animals this is a structure consisting of an undifferentiated ball of cells and is called a blastula.
The blastocyst has a diameter of about 0.1–0.2 mm and comprises 200–300 cells (32 mitotic divisions ) following rapid cleavage (cell division). About seven days after fertilization,[6] the blastocyst undergoes implantation, embedding into the endometrium of the uterine wall where it will undergo further developmental processes, including gastrulation
Anatomy: Fetus in Utero [4]
A thin-walled sac that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. The sac is filled with liquid made by the fetus (amniotic fluid) and the membrane that covers the fetal side of the placenta (amnion)
The lower part of the uterus that extends into the vagina. The cervix is made up of mostly fibrous tissue and muscle
The fetus takes in oxygen, nutrients, and other substances from the placenta and gets rid of carbon dioxide and other wastes.. A rope-like cord connecting the fetus to the placenta
Evaluation of the implantation window in artificial insemination (ERA test) [5]
Evaluation of the implantation window in artificial insemination (ERA test). The article was written by Doctor Do Huy Duong – Vinmec High Technology Center
For most women, the best time to have an embryo transfer is the same, but for some women, it may be different.. The inside of the uterus is lined with a layer of tissue called the endometrium, which is prepared every month for the emergence of an embryo and it is the nest, where the embryo implants and resides during pregnancy
The endometrium is receptive when it is ready for embryo implantation. This receptive period is called the nesting period.
Stages of Development of the Fetus [6]
A baby goes through several stages of development, beginning as a fertilized egg. The egg develops into a blastocyst, an embryo, then a fetus.
It occurs in approximately monthly cycles throughout a woman’s reproductive life, except during… read more , one egg (ovum) is usually released from one of the ovaries, about 14 days after the last menstrual period
At ovulation, the mucus in the cervix becomes more fluid and more elastic, allowing sperm to enter the uterus rapidly. Within 5 minutes, sperm may move from the vagina, through the cervix into the uterus, and to the funnel-shaped end of a fallopian tube—the usual site of fertilization
A hypomorphic mutation in Pold1 disrupts the coordination of embryo size expansion and morphogenesis during gastrulation [7]
Formation of a properly sized and patterned embryo during gastrulation requires a well-coordinated interplay between cell proliferation, lineage specification and tissue morphogenesis. Following transient physical or pharmacological manipulations of embryo size, pre-gastrulation mouse embryos show remarkable plasticity to recover and resume normal development
Null mutations in DNA replication or cell-cycle-related genes frequently lead to cell-cycle arrest and reduced cell proliferation, resulting in developmental arrest before the onset of gastrulation; such early lethality precludes studies aiming to determine the impact of cell proliferation on lineage specification and morphogenesis during gastrulation. From an unbiased ENU mutagenesis screen, we discovered a mouse mutant, tiny siren (tyrn), that carries a hypomorphic mutation producing an aspartate to tyrosine (D939Y) substitution in Pold1, the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase δ
Our analyses show that the successful execution of morphogenetic events during gastrulation requires that lineage specification and the ordered production of differentiated cell types occur in concordance with embryonic growth.. Gastrulation is a critical developmental process required for germ layer formation and the establishment of the body plan (Arnold and Robertson, 2009)
Development of the Pulmonary Vein and the Systemic Venous Sinus: An Interactive 3D Overview [8]
Also refer to supplemental File S1 for an interactive version of this reconstruction. (1) Right lateral view of the endoderm (transparent)
(2) Overlying this plexus is the splanchnic mesoderm (blue); its connection with the somatic mesoderm, the lateral mesocardium, is removed. (3) Cardiovascular lumen in relation with the endoderm and splanchnic plexus
Primary myocardium is shown in grey, Cx40 positive working myocardium in green. The splanchnic plexus is separating and contacts both the atrial lumen via the dorsal mesocardium, and the vitelline veins
Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations, Glossary, and Supplemental Information [9]
Acronyms and Abbreviations, Glossary, and Supplemental Information. BIA bioimpedance analysis (also bioelectrical impedance analysis)
WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. Premature detachment of the placenta from the wall of the uterus.
David Company; The American Heritage Stedman’s Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster’s Medical Dictionary Online (available at http://medical.merriam-webster.com/medical)
A pluripotent stem cell-based model for post-implantation human amniotic sac development [10]
Development of the asymmetric amniotic sac—with the embryonic disc and amniotic ectoderm occupying opposite poles—is a vital milestone during human embryo implantation. Although essential to embryogenesis and pregnancy, amniotic sac development in humans remains poorly understood
Without maternal or extraembryonic tissues, the PASE self-organizes into an epithelial cyst with an asymmetric amniotic ectoderm-epiblast pattern that resembles the human amniotic sac. Upon further development, the PASE initiates a process that resembles posterior primitive streak development in a SNAI1-dependent manner
This study reveals a previously unrecognized fate potential of human pluripotent stem cells and provides a platform for advancing human embryology.. During human embryo implantation, the embryonic inner cell mass gives rise to the amniotic sac—an asymmetrically patterned epithelial cyst that encloses the amniotic cavity with squamous amniotic ectoderm at one pole and columnar epiblast at the other (Fig
In an embryo’s second week, a surprise : Seek [11]
Rockefeller biologists opened a window into the mysterious period when a human embryo first attaches to its mother’s uterus—and what they saw amazed them.By W. We all begin as a tiny, hollow ball of about 150 cells, rolling around in the uterus
For reasons that remain mysterious—scientists have never witnessed the magical moment of implantation in humans—a substantial fraction of embryos either don’t stick at all or take more than nine days to implant, with each additional day reducing their chances of survival.. “We know absolutely nothing about what goes wrong,” says Ali H
“Embryos’ failure to attach is the biggest problem that fertility doctors see when they perform in vitro fertilization.”. But Brivanlou’s team recently pulled back the curtain on this momentous event in human development
embryo sac – awkward botany [12]
Plants have uncanny ways of reproducing themselves that are unparalleled by most other living things. Offshoots of themselves can be made by sending out modified stems above or beneath the ground which develop roots and shoots (new plants) at various points along the way
Small sections of root, stem, or leaf can, under the right conditions, push out new plantlets in a fashion that seems otherworldly. (Picture chopping off a bit of your finger and growing a whole new you from it.)
But one major disadvantage of reproducing this way is that clonal offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant, which truncates any advantage that might be gained by genetic mixing between two separate plants. For one, it means that a plant population composed of all clones is at risk of being wiped out if something in the environment comes along (such as a disease or change in climate) and none of the plants in the population have adapted any sort of resistance to it.
Embryology: 2nd week of development [13]
In this article we describe the 2nd week of embryonic development.. Following all the excitement associated with the first gestational week, the newly formed blastocyst is ready to settle into a supportive environment and continue the growth process
Additionally, there are two cavities that develop within the embryonic unit at this time as well.. While every step is integral for adequate foetal development, one of the most important features of the second week is the completion of implantation and establishment of fetomaternal interactions
It will also discuss some complications associated with implantation.. Implantation is a complex biochemical and mechanical process that begins in the first week of gestation and extends into the second week
TEST BANK FOR Human Development A Life Span View 8th Edition By KailJohn ISBN13- [14]
1 : A typical fertilized egg contains a total of 22 pairs of chromosomes. 2 : Your phenotype includes physical, psychological, and behavioral features
4 : While characterized as a progressive and fatal disorder, symptoms of Huntingtons disease can be eliminated through a special diet. 6 : A heritability coefficient is used to calculate the extent to which a characteristic is the result of genetics
8 : The correct order of prenatal development is zygote to embryo to fetus. 18 : Research has demonstrated that childbirth techniques designed to reduce pain during labor do not work
Chromosome Inequality: Causes and Consequences of Non-Random Segregation Errors in Mitosis and Meiosis [15]
Chromosome Inequality: Causes and Consequences of Non-Random Segregation Errors in Mitosis and Meiosis. Evidence for Non-Random Chromosome Segregation Error Frequencies
Consequences of Non-Random Chromosome Segregation Errors. Examining the link between chromosomal instability and aneuploidy in human cells
Chromosome segregation errors as a cause of DNA damage and structural chromosome aberrations. – Bolhaqueiro, A.C.F.; Ponsioen, B.; Bakker, B.; Klaasen, S.J.; Kucukkose, E.; van Jaarsveld, R.H.; Vivié, J.; Verlaan-Klink, I.; Hami, N.; Spierings, D.C.J.; et al
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- https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/multimedia/fertilization-and-implantation/img-20008656#:~:text=Then%20the%20zygote%20travels%20down,lining%20%E2%80%94%20a%20process%20called%20implantation.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555965/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst
- https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=anatomy-fetus-in-utero-85-P01189
- https://www.vinmec.com/en/news/health-news/general-health-check/evaluation-of-the-implantation-window-in-artificial-insemination-era-test/
- https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/women-s-health-issues/normal-pregnancy/stages-of-development-of-the-fetus
- https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/11/8/bio059307/276232/A-hypomorphic-mutation-in-Pold1-disrupts-the
- https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figures?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022055
- https://www.nap.edu/read/12584/chapter/13
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00236-w
- https://seek.rockefeller.edu/in-an-embryos-second-week-a-surprise/
- https://awkwardbotany.com/tag/embryo-sac/
- https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/embryology-2nd-week-of-development
- https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/national-university-us/human-sexuality/dev-ch-quix/41476843
- https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/22/3564
