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The 4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries and the Hazards they Create
The 4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries and the Hazards they Create
The 4 Tectonic Plate Boundaries and the Hazards they Create
4.9: Seamounts and Hot Spots [1]
The ocean floor is dotted with seamounts, some isolated and some in chains. Seamounts are underwater volcanoes, and most are much younger than the oceanic crust on which they formed
Some seamounts are formed from magma rising at a divergent boundary, and as the plates move apart, the seamounts move with them, which can result in a seamount chain. Other seamounts form from the rising magma at an ocean-ocean subduction zone; these include the Aleutians, extending from Alaska to Russia, and the Lesser Antilles in the eastern part of the Caribbean
As this happens, the top of the seamount can become eroded flat, and these flat-topped seamounts are then called tablemounts or guyots.. However, some seamounts are formed far away from plate boundaries, in places where we would not usually expect much volcanic activity
4.5 Divergent Plate Boundaries – Introduction to Oceanography [2]
are spreading boundaries, where new is created to fill in the space as the plates move apart. Most divergent boundaries are located along mid-ocean oceanic ridges (although some are on land)
Because the new crust formed at the plate boundary is warmer than the surrounding crust, it has a lower density so it sits higher on the , creating the mountain chain. Running down the middle of the mid-ocean ridge is a 25-50 km wide and 1 km deep
These transform faults make the mid-ocean ridge system look like a giant zipper on the seafloor (Figure 4.5.2). As we will see in section 4.7, movements along transform faults between two adjacent ridge segments are responsible for many earthquakes.
4.9 Seamounts and Hot Spots – Introduction to Oceanography [3]
The ocean floor is dotted with , some isolated and some in chains. Seamounts are underwater volcanoes, and most are much younger than the on which they formed
Some seamounts are formed from magma rising at a , and as the plates move apart, the seamounts move with them, which can result in a seamount chain. Other seamounts form from the rising magma at an ocean-ocean ; these include the Aleutians, extending from Alaska to Russia, and the Lesser Antilles in the eastern part of the Caribbean
As this happens, the top of the seamount can become eroded flat, and these flat-topped seamounts are then called or .. However, some seamounts are formed far away from plate boundaries, in places where we would not usually expect much volcanic activity
What are the different types of plate tectonic boundaries?: Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research [4]
The Earth’s lithosphere, which includes the crust and upper mantle, is made up of a series of pieces, or tectonic plates, that move slowly over time.. A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of divergent plate boundaries.. When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary
A chain of volcanoes often forms parallel to convergent plate boundaries and powerful earthquakes are common along these boundaries. The Pacific Ring of Fire is an example of a convergent plate boundary.
What is the mid-ocean ridge?: Ocean Exploration Facts: NOAA Ocean Exploration [5]
The massive mid-ocean ridge system is a continuous range of underwater volcanoes that wraps around the globe like seams on a baseball, stretching nearly 65,000 kilometers (40,390 miles). The majority of the system is underwater, with an average water depth to the top of the ridge of 2,500 meters (8,200 feet).
As the plates separate, molten rock rises to the seafloor, producing enormous volcanic eruptions of basalt. The speed of spreading affects the shape of a ridge – slower spreading rates result in steep, irregular topography while faster spreading rates produce much wider profiles and more gentle slopes.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs down the center of the Atlantic Ocean, slowly spreading at a rate of 2 to 5 centimeters (0.8 to 2 inches) per year and forming a rift valley that is about the depth and width of the Grand Canyon. In contrast, the East Pacific Rise is spreading quickly, at rates of 6 to 16 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) per year
4.5 Divergent Plate Boundaries – Introduction to Oceanography [6]
are spreading boundaries, where new is created to fill in the space as the plates move apart. Most divergent boundaries are located along mid-ocean oceanic ridges (although some are on land)
Because the new crust formed at the plate boundary is warmer than the surrounding crust, it has a lower density so it sits higher on the , creating the mountain chain. Running down the middle of the mid-ocean ridge is a 25-50 km wide and 1 km deep
These transform faults make the mid-ocean ridge system look like a giant zipper on the seafloor (Figure 4.5.2). As we will see in section 4.7, movements along transform faults between two adjacent ridge segments are responsible for many earthquakes.
Seafloor Spreading [7]
Seafloor spreading is a geologic process in which tectonic plates—large slabs of Earth’s lithosphere—split apart from each other. Seafloor spreading and other tectonic activity processes are the result of mantle convection
Convection currents carry heat from the lower mantle and core to the lithosphere. Convection currents also “recycle” lithospheric materials back to the mantle.
As tectonic plates slowly move away from each other, heat from the mantle’s convection currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense. The less-dense material rises, often forming a mountain or elevated area of the seafloor
Seamounts and hot spots [8]
Seamounts are individual volcanoes on the ocean floor. They are distinct from the plate-boundary volcanic system of the mid-ocean ridges, because seamounts tend to be circular or conical
Large seamounts are often fed by “hot spots” in the deep mantle. These hot spots are associated with plumes of molten rock rising from the deep within the Earth’s mantle
Therefore, as a moving tectonic plate passes over a mantle hot spot, a chain of volcanoes is produced with a systematic age progression – from older to younger. The Hawaiian Islands, the Galapagos Islands, the Azores, and the Cobb-Eikelberg chain that includes Axial volcano are all examples of hot spot chains
Ocean Trench [9]
Ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor. These chasms are the deepest parts of the ocean—and some of the deepest natural spots on Earth.
Ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor. These chasms are the deepest parts of the ocean—and some of the deepest natural spots on Earth
Ocean trenches are a result of tectonic activity, which describes the movement of the Earth’s lithosphere. In particular, ocean trenches are a feature of convergent plate boundaries, where two or more tectonic plates meet
Plate Tectonics: Evidence of Plate Movement [10]
This activity is a quick, simple way to introduce tectonic plate movements and plate boundaries using maps of the ocean floor. Students examine the north-central part of the Pacific plate and identify volcanoes, lava fields, and ocean trenches
Students should have a working knowledge of the types of plate boundaries, subduction zones, and rift zones.. Teacher Prep: 15 min to download virtual fly-through of the Mariana Arc
Students examine the north-central part of the Pacific plate and identify volcanoes, lava fields, and ocean trenches. Their observations are used as evidence to make a claim about plate movement and constructive and destructive forces at work on the Pacific plate
Evidence for Deeply Subducted Lower-Plate Seamounts at the Hikurangi Subduction Margin: Implications for Seismic and Aseismic Behavior [11]
JGR Solid Earth – 2022 – Chow – Evidence for Deeply Subducted Lower%u2010Plate Seamounts at the Hikurangi Subduction Margin .pdf (5.33 MB)Download file. Evidence for Deeply Subducted Lower-Plate Seamounts at the Hikurangi Subduction Margin: Implications for Seismic and Aseismic Behavior
Seamounts are found at many subduction zones and act as seafloor heterogeneities that affect slip behavior on megathrusts. At the Hikurangi subduction zone offshore the North Island, New Zealand, seamounts have been identified on the incoming Pacific plate and below the accretionary prism, but there is little concrete evidence for seamounts subducted beyond the present-day coastline
We interpret the high-velocity anomalies as previously unidentified, deeply subducted seamounts, and the low-velocity zone as fluid in the subducting slab. The seamounts are inferred to be 10–30 km wide and on the plate interface at 12–15 km depth
Plate Tectonics: View as single page [12]
In this course, you will examine how the evidence for the movement of continents was gathered and how this movement relates to, and generates, geological features and phenomena such as ocean basins, mountain ranges, volcanoes and earthquakes. You will learn how and why the continents have moved, and continue to move, and the forces that drive them around our globe.
This OpenLearn course is an adapted extract from the Open University course S279 Our dynamic planet: Earth and life.. demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the theory of tectonic plates and the different forms of evidence (e.g
demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of crustal growth and transfer of heat at spreading ocean ridges. demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the three main types of plate boundary (constructive, destructive and conservative) and how they interact at triple junctions
Plate Tectonics ,Plate Boundaries and Hotspot Explanation [13]
Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains the movements and behaviors of the Earth’s lithosphere, which is composed of the crust and uppermost mantle. The theory proposes that the Earth’s lithosphere is broken into a series of plates that are in constant motion, driven by the heat generated from the Earth’s core
The theory of plate tectonics was developed in the 1960s and 1970s, based on a combination of geophysical data and observations of the Earth’s surface features. It replaced earlier theories of “continental drift” and “sea-floor spreading” and provided a unifying framework for understanding the Earth’s geological history and the distribution of natural resources.
Plate tectonics has important implications for our understanding of natural hazards, climate change, and the evolution of life on Earth.. Beyond merely describing current plate motions, Plate Tectonics provides an overarching framework that connects many elements of Earth science
Plate tectonics – Island Arcs, Subduction, Volcanism [14]
– Alfred Wegener and the concept of continental drift. When the downward-moving slab reaches a depth of about 100 km (60 miles), it gets sufficiently warm to drive off its most volatile components, thereby stimulating partial melting of mantle in the plate above the subduction zone (known as the mantle wedge)
This magma rises to the surface and gives birth to a line of volcanoes in the overriding plate, known as a volcanic arc, typically a few hundred kilometres behind the oceanic trench. The distance between the trench and the arc, known as the arc-trench gap, depends on the angle of subduction
A basin may form within this region, known as a fore-arc basin, and may be filled with sediments derived from the volcanic arc or with remains of oceanic crust.. If both plates are oceanic, as in the western Pacific Ocean, the volcanoes form a curved line of islands, known as an island arc, that is parallel to the trench, as in the case of the Mariana Islands and the adjacent Mariana Trench
are correctly matched? S.NoRelief featuresCharacteristics1.SeamountsNon Volcanic origin mountains with pointed summits.2.GuyotsFlat topped submerged mountains.3.Submarines canyonsFound only on the con [15]
Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?. |1.||Seamounts||Non-Volcanic origin mountains with pointed summits.|
|4.||Mid-Oceanic Ridge||Underwater volcanoes along divergent plate boundaries.|. Tectonic, volcanic, erosional, and depositional processes, as well as their interactions, are responsible for much of the ocean’s relief
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched: A seamount is an underwater mountain formed by volcanic activity. These are pointed summits rising from the seafloor that do not reach the surface of the ocean.
Geology 300 with Terry J. Boroughs: Plate Tectonics, Oceans, and Mtn. Building [16]
Instructions: Read each question carefully before selecting the BEST answer. of the following mountains did not form as a result of collision between two
of the world’s convergent plate margins are located in. of the following has been used as evidence for continental drift?
the oceanic crust is youngest adjacent to the continents. the oceanic crust is youngest adjacent to spreading ridges
Sources
- https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Book%3A_Introduction_to_Oceanography_(Webb)/04%3A_Plate_Tectonics_and_Marine_Geology/4.09%3A_Seamounts_and_Hot_Spots#:~:text=Some%20seamounts%20are%20formed%20from,result%20in%20a%20seamount%20chain.
- https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/4-5-divergent-plate-boundaries/#:~:text=Divergent%20boundaries%20are%20spreading%20boundaries,although%20some%20are%20on%20land).
- https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/4-9-seamounts-and-hot-spots/#:~:text=Sometimes%20the%20crust%20on%20which,then%20called%20tablemounts%20or%20guyots%20.
- https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/plate-boundaries.html#:~:text=A%20divergent%20boundary%20occurs%20when,to%20create%20new%20oceanic%20crust.
- https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/mid-ocean-ridge.html#:~:text=Mid%2Docean%20ridges%20occur%20along,enormous%20volcanic%20eruptions%20of%20basalt.
- https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/4-5-divergent-plate-boundaries/
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/seafloor-spreading/
- https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/eoi/nemo/explorer/concepts/seamount.html
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ocean-trench/
- https://www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/essentials-plate-tectonics/tr51901.tr
- https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Evidence_for_Deeply_Subducted_Lower-Plate_Seamounts_at_the_Hikurangi_Subduction_Margin_Implications_for_Seismic_and_Aseismic_Behavior/19134950
- https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/geology/plate-tectonics/content-section-5.3.1/?printable=1
- https://geologyscience.com/geology/plate-tectonics/
- https://www.britannica.com/science/plate-tectonics/Island-arcs
- https://byjus.com/question-answer/q-which-of-the-following-pairs-is-are-correctly-matched-s-no-relief-features-characteristics-2/
- http://web.arc.losrios.edu/~borougt/FS_PlateTectonicsOceansMountainsHomework.htm
