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Lecture 31: Special Relativity [1]
– “Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired. – “It will seem difficult at first, but everything is difficult
– The speed of light is the same for all observers.. – Different observers measure different times, lengths,
The result was a set of laws formulated from the perspective of an. – We cannot take a “God’s eye view” of the Universe.
Astronomy 505 [2]
The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere of infinite radius centered on the Earth, on which all celestial bodies are assumed to be projected. It is assumed to be fixed, so as the Earth rotates the celestial sphere appears to rotate in the opposite direction (once per day)
The celestial sphere can then be divided up into a grid, just as the Earth is divided up into a grid according to latitude and longitude.. We can never observe the whole celestial sphere from the Earth, as the horizon limits our view of it
As shown above, an observer has the impression of being on a flat plane and at the center of a vast hemisphere across which the celestial bodies move. On all sides, the plane stretches out to meet the base of this celestial hemisphere at the horizon
Inside & Out – Moon: NASA Science [3]
Some of your frequently asked Moon questions, answered.. Does the Moon rotate? Does the Moon spin on its axis?
This means that the same side of the Moon always faces our planet.. If the Moon did not rotate on its axis at all, or if it rotated at any other rate, then we would see different parts of the Moon throughout the month.
As the Moon completes each 27.3-day orbit around Earth, both Earth and the Moon are moving around the Sun. Because of this change in position, sunlight appears to hit the Moon at a slightly different angle on day 27 than it does on day zero ― even though the Moon itself has already traveled all the way around Earth
Celestial Equator and the Ecliptic [4]
The tilt relationship of the celestial sphere and ecliptic. The celestial equator is the enlargement of the earth’s equator to the celestial sphere
The ecliptic is a line connecting where the sun is located in the celestial globe for one year. The ecliptic can be represented by a line fixed on the celestial sphere.
Therefore, the celestial equator and the ecliptic are inclined 23.5 ° to each other.
Events and observers [5]
Working with events and observers is one of the main ways to extend Magento functionality. The events and observers implementation in Magento 2 is based on the publish-subscribe pattern
Events are dispatched by modules when certain actions are triggered. In addition to its own events, Magento allows you to create your own events that can be dispatched in your code
This class can be obtained through dependency injection by defining the dependency in your constructor.. dispatch function of the event manager class and provide it with the name of the event you want to dispatch along with an array of data you wish to provide to observers.
Observers and computed properties [6]
Observers are methods invoked when observable changes occur to the element’s data. – Complex observers can observe one or more properties or paths.
Computed properties are virtual properties based on one or more pieces of the element’s data. A computed property is generated by a computing function—essentially, a complex observer that returns a value.
Like all property effects, observers are synchronous. frequently, consider deferring time-consuming work, like inserting or removing DOM
Observer [7]
Observer is a behavioral design pattern that lets you define a subscription mechanism to notify multiple objects about any events that happen to the object they’re observing.. The customer is very interested in a particular brand of product (say, it’s a new model of the iPhone) which should become available in the store very soon.
But while the product is still en route, most of these trips would be pointless.. On the other hand, the store could send tons of emails (which might be considered spam) to all customers each time a new product becomes available
At the same time, it’d upset other customers who aren’t interested in new products.. Either the customer wastes time checking product availability or the store wastes resources notifying the wrong customers.
Observer in Modern Physics [8]
cosmos require an observer in order to be learned about and understood by. A spacecraft monitoring a distant asteroid (and transmitting data to
An observation made by such an observer is called an objective observation.. In our school physics and chemistry, we routinely assume that our observations
results and, therefore, the certainty they can expect in their knowledge. physics was forced into the position of re-evaluating the role of the
How pass data to ‘generic’ observer? As arguments or as a single struct? [9]
I am busy adding a generic observer mechanism to a legacy C++ application (using Visual Studio 2010, but not using .Net, so .Net delegates are out of the question).. In the design I want to separate the application-specific part as much as possible from the generic observer mechanism.
class IDoThisObserver { public: void handlDoThis(int arg1, int arg2) = 0; };. For every type of observer (IDoThisObserver, IDoThatObserver, …) the arguments of the methods (handleDoThis, handleDoThat) are different.
template class ObserverContainer { public: void addObserver (T &t) {m_observers.push_back(&t);} private: std::list m_observers; };. Calling an observer can’t be generalized since the arguments are different for every observer type.
Spacetime and the Relativity of Simultaneity [10]
What use is spacetime? It turns out to make visualizing and understanding the relativity of simultaneity a great deal easier. The judgments of simultaneity of different inertial observers correspond to slicing the spacetime up into different stacks of spaces with each space formed from a set of simultaneous events.
|First we have an observer whose worldline runs vertically up the page.|. |The next observer moves to the right with respect to the first.|
That difference simply is the relativity of simultaneity. It is expressed in the tilting of the hypersurfaces of simultaneity as we move the judgments of simultaneity of events from inertial observer to inertial observer.
Observer Design Pattern in Java [11]
While we believe that this content benefits our community, we have not yet thoroughly reviewed it. If you have any suggestions for improvements, please let us know by clicking the “report an issue“ button at the bottom of the tutorial.
Observer design pattern is useful when you are interested in the state of an object and want to get notified whenever there is any change. In observer pattern, the object that watch on the state of another object are called Observer and the object that is being watched is called Subject.
Define a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.. Subject contains a list of observers to notify of any change in it’s state, so it should provide methods using which observers can register and unregister themselves
Observer design pattern – .NET [12]
The observer design pattern enables a subscriber to register with and receive notifications from a provider. It’s suitable for any scenario that requires push-based notification
Observers register with the provider, and whenever a predefined condition, event, or state change occurs, the provider automatically notifies all observers by invoking a delegate. In this method call, the provider can also provide current state information to observers
The generic type parameter represents the type that provides notification information.. The observer design pattern is suitable for distributed push-based notifications, because it supports a clean separation between two different components or application layers, such as a data source (business logic) layer and a user interface (display) layer
Android Developers [13]
Unlike a regular observable, LiveData is lifecycle-aware,. meaning it respects the lifecycle of other app components, such as activities,
LiveData considers an observer, which is represented by the. LiveData only notifies active observers about updates
This relationship allows the observer to be removed when the state of. This is especially useful for activities and fragments because they can safely
Intersection Observer API – Web APIs [14]
The Intersection Observer API provides a way to asynchronously observe changes in the intersection of a target element with an ancestor element or with a top-level document’s viewport.. Historically, detecting visibility of an element, or the relative visibility of two elements in relation to each other, has been a difficult task for which solutions have been unreliable and prone to causing the browser and the sites the user is accessing to become sluggish
Intersection information is needed for many reasons, such as:. – Lazy-loading of images or other content as a page is scrolled.
– Reporting of visibility of advertisements in order to calculate ad revenues.. – Deciding whether or not to perform tasks or animation processes based on whether or not the user will see the result.
Relativity of simultaneity [15]
This article’s lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that distant simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer’s reference frame
According to the special theory of relativity introduced by Albert Einstein, it is impossible to say in an absolute sense that two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. If one reference frame assigns precisely the same time to two events that are at different points in space, a reference frame that is moving relative to the first will generally assign different times to the two events (the only exception being when motion is exactly perpendicular to the line connecting the locations of both events).
Furthermore, if the two events cannot be causally connected, depending on the state of motion, the crash in London may appear to occur first in a given frame, and the New York crash may appear to occur first in another. However, if the events are causally connected, precedence order is preserved in all frames of reference.[1]
Time dilation | Definition, Equation, Examples, & Facts [16]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. – Nature – Quantum clocks observe classical and quantum time dilation
– IOPscience – Time dilation in quantum systems and decoherence. – The University of Mississippi High Energy Physics Group – Time Dilation
In special relativity, an observer in inertial (i.e., nonaccelerating) motion has a well-defined means of determining which events occur simultaneously with a given event. A second inertial observer, who is in relative motion with respect to the first, however, will disagree with the first observer regarding which events are simultaneous with that given event
Sources
- https://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/pogge.1/Ast162/Unit5/sr.html#:~:text=The%20speed%20of%20light%20is,Only%20spacetime%20is%20observer%20independent.
- http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/nicole/teaching/ASTR505/lectures/lecture08/slide02.html#:~:text=At%20the%20north%20pole%2C%20the,equator%20passes%20through%20the%20zenith.
- https://moon.nasa.gov/inside-and-out/top-moon-questions/#:~:text=Yes%2C%20everyone%20sees%20the%20same,what%20you’re%20used%20to!
- https://javalab.org/en/celestial_equator_and_the_ecliptic_en/#:~:text=The%20celestial%20equator%20is%20the,celestial%20globe%20for%20one%20year.
- https://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.3/extension-dev-guide/events-and-observers.html
- https://polymer-library.polymer-project.org/1.0/docs/devguide/observers
- https://refactoring.guru/design-patterns/observer
- https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/Numbers/Math/Mathematical_Thinking/observer.htm
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3601886/how-pass-data-to-generic-observer-as-arguments-or-as-a-single-struct
- https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/spacetime_rel_sim/index.html
- https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/observer-design-pattern-in-java
- https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/events/observer-design-pattern
- https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/livedata
- https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Intersection_Observer_API
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity
- https://www.britannica.com/science/time-dilation
