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Wikipedia [1]
Pangaea or Pangea (/pænˈdʒiː.ə/)[1] was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.[2] It assembled from the earlier continental units of Gondwana, Euramerica and Siberia during the Carboniferous approximately 335 million years ago, and began to break apart about 200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic and beginning of the Jurassic.[3] In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, Pangaea was centred on the equator and surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa and the Paleo-Tethys and subsequent Tethys Oceans. Pangaea is the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists.
The name “Pangaea” occurs in the 1920 edition of Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane, but only once, when Wegener refers to the ancient supercontinent as “the Pangaea of the Carboniferous”.[11] Wegener used the Germanized form “Pangäa,” but the name entered German and English scientific literature (in 1922[12] and 1926, respectively) in the Latinized form “Pangaea” (of the Greek “Pangaia”), especially due to a symposium of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in November 1926.[13]. Wegener originally proposed that the breakup of Pangaea was due to centripetal forces from the Earth’s rotation acting on the high continents
This theory provides the now widely-accepted explanation for the existence and breakup of Pangaea.[16]. The geography of the continents bordering the Atlantic Ocean was the first evidence suggesting the existence of Pangaea
What was Pangea? [2]
From about 300-200 million years ago (late Paleozoic Era until the very late Triassic), the continent we now know as North America was contiguous with Africa, South America, and Europe. They all existed as a single continent called Pangea
Rifting began as magma welled up through the weakness in the crust, creating a volcanic rift zone. Volcanic eruptions spewed ash and volcanic debris across the landscape as these severed continent-sized fragments of Pangea diverged
The rift zone known as the mid-Atlantic ridge continued to provide the raw volcanic materials for the expanding ocean basin.. Meanwhile, North America was slowly pushed westward away from the rift zone
Supercontinents 101: Pannotia, Gondwana, and Pangea [3]
Our Earth has looked radically different in the past compared to today. In their wake, they profoundly changed the course of life, geology, and climate on Earth
Several continents came together to form a single landmass, creating massive land masses known as supercontinents. The term “supercontinent” refers to the largest land masses that have ever existed on Earth, which have formed and broken up over the course of geological time.
Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent and existed about 335 million years ago, while Gondwana existed about 510 million years ago. These supercontinents formed due to the process of plate tectonics
Earth Once Swallowed Its Own Superocean. Could It Happen Again? [4]
The ancient supercontinent of Rodinia turned inside out as the Earth swallowed its own ocean some 700 million years ago, new research suggests.. Rodinia was a supercontinent that preceded the more famous Pangea, which existed between 320 million and 170 million years ago
“We suggest that the Earth’s mantle structure only gets completely reorganised every second supercontinent [or every other cycle] through the regeneration of a new superocean and a new ring of fire,” Li wrote in an email to Live Science. The “Ring of Fire” is a chain of subduction zones around the Pacific, where the crust of the ocean grinds underneath the continents
The history of supercontinents is a bit murky, but geoscientists are increasingly convinced that the continents merge into one giant landmass every 600 million years, on average. First came Nuna, which existed between 1.6 billion and 1.4 billion years ago
Supercontinent [5]
In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth’s continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass.[1][2][3] However, some geologists use a different definition, “a grouping of formerly dispersed continents”, which leaves room for interpretation and is easier to apply to Precambrian times.[4] To separate supercontinents from other groupings, a limit has been proposed in which a continent must include at least about 75% of the continental crust then in existence in order to qualify as a supercontinent.[5]. Supercontinents have assembled and dispersed multiple times in the geologic past (see table)
The last time the continental landmasses were near to one another was 336 to 175 million years ago as the supercontinent, Pangaea. The positions of continents have been accurately determined back to the early Jurassic, shortly before the breakup of Pangaea.[6] The earlier continent Gondwana is not considered a supercontinent under the first definition since the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia were separate at the time.[7]
|Supercontinent name||Age (Ma)||Period/Era Range||Comment|. |Vaalbara||3,636–2,803||Eoarchean-Mesoarchean||Also described as a supercraton or just a continent[8]|
Supercontinents 101: Pannotia, Gondwana, and Pangea [6]
Our Earth has looked radically different in the past compared to today. In their wake, they profoundly changed the course of life, geology, and climate on Earth
Several continents came together to form a single landmass, creating massive land masses known as supercontinents. The term “supercontinent” refers to the largest land masses that have ever existed on Earth, which have formed and broken up over the course of geological time.
Pangaea was the most recent supercontinent and existed about 335 million years ago, while Gondwana existed about 510 million years ago. These supercontinents formed due to the process of plate tectonics
Pangea | Definition, Map, History, & Facts [7]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. – plate tectonics Triassic Period Permian Period continental drift
Pangea was surrounded by a global ocean called Panthalassa, and it was fully assembled by the Early Permian Epoch (some 299 million to about 273 million years ago). The supercontinent began to break apart about 200 million years ago, during the Early Jurassic Epoch (201 million to 174 million years ago), eventually forming the modern continents and the Atlantic and Indian oceans
Its name is derived from the Greek pangaia, meaning “all the Earth.”. The assembly of Pangea’s component landmasses was well underway by the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago) as the paleocontinents Laurentia (a landmass made up of the North American craton—that is, the continent’s stable interior portion) and Baltica (a landmass made up of the Eastern European craton) joined with several smaller microcontinents to form Euramerica
Pangea: Map of Formation and Break of the Supercontinent ? [8]
Pangea is the name given to the supercontinent that existed over 175 million years ago. It comprised the continents of today as a single landmass
The word originates from the work of Alfred Wegener, who was the first to propose the continental drift theory in 1915. Wegener first used the word in the second edition of The Origin of Continents and Oceans, published in 1920.
The supercontinent began to break into separate continents 175 million years ago.. The Pangea map shows the equator to be at the center of the landmass and surrounded by a superocean, Panthalassa.
What was Pangea? [9]
From about 300-200 million years ago (late Paleozoic Era until the very late Triassic), the continent we now know as North America was contiguous with Africa, South America, and Europe. They all existed as a single continent called Pangea
Rifting began as magma welled up through the weakness in the crust, creating a volcanic rift zone. Volcanic eruptions spewed ash and volcanic debris across the landscape as these severed continent-sized fragments of Pangea diverged
The rift zone known as the mid-Atlantic ridge continued to provide the raw volcanic materials for the expanding ocean basin.. Meanwhile, North America was slowly pushed westward away from the rift zone
Facts About Pangaea, Ancient Supercontinent [10]
About 300 million years ago, Earth didn’t have seven continents, but instead one massive supercontinent called Pangaea, which was surrounded by a single ocean called Panthalassa.. The explanation for Pangaea’s formation ushered in the modern theory of plate tectonics, which posits that the Earth’s outer shell is broken up into several plates that slide over Earth’s rocky shell, the mantle.
This breakup and formation of supercontinents has dramatically altered the planet’s history.. “This is what’s driven the entire evolution of the planet through time
Francis Xavier University, in Antigonish, Nova Scotia.. More than a century ago, the scientist Alfred Wegener proposed the notion of an ancient supercontinent, which he named Pangaea (sometimes spelled Pangea), after putting together several lines of evidence.
Continental Drift [11]
Continental drift describes one of the earliest ways geologists thought continents moved over time. Today, the theory of continental drift has been replaced by the science of plate tectonics.
In the early 20th century, Wegener published a paper explaining his theory that the continental landmasses were “drifting” across the Earth, sometimes plowing through oceans and into each other. Wegener was convinced that all of Earth’s continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass called Pangaea.
For example, fossils of the ancient reptile mesosaurus are only found in southern Africa and South America. Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile only one meter (3.3 feet) long, could not have swum the Atlantic Ocean
Supercontinents and Climate [12]
The motion of the tectonic plates periodically causes most of the continental landmasses of the planet to collide with each other, forming giant continents known as supercontinents. For much of the past several billion years, these supercontinents have alternately formed and broken up in a process called the supercontinent cycle
Before that the previous supercontinent was Gondwana, which formed about 600-500 million years ago, and the one before that was Rodinia, formed around a billion years ago.. The distribution of landmasses and formation and breakup of supercontinents has dramatically influenced global and local climate on timescales of 100 million years, with cycles repeating for the past few billion years of Earth’s history
The supercontinent cycle affects sea-level changes, initiates periods of global glaciation, changes the global climate from hothouse to icehouse conditions, and influences seawater salinity and nutrient supply. All of these consequences of plate tectonics have profound influences on life on Earth.
What was the first continent on Earth? [13]
Hint: A continent is a big landmass that is made up of multiple smaller land masses. Up to seven regions are typically regarded as continents and are generally recognised by convention rather than any rigorous criteria
Earth didn’t have seven continents 300 million years ago; instead, it had one gigantic supercontinent called Pangaea, which was encircled by a single ocean named Panthalassa.. During the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic periods, Pangaea existed
Pangaea was centred on the Equator and encircled by the superocean Panthalassa, in contrast to the current Earth and its dispersal of continental mass. Pangaea is the newest supercontinent to exist, as well as the first to be recreated by geologists.
Pangea [14]
Geologists define a supercontinent as a congregation of all the continental blocks of the Earth resulting in the formation of a single expansive landmass. Many such supercontinents have formed and broken up several times throughout the Earth’s 4.5 billion years, dramatically altering the planet’s history
It is believed that about 336 million years ago, during the end of the Paleozoic and the beginning of the Mesozoic Eras, there was a supercontinent named Pangea or Pangaea. All major continents of that time were gathered into the supercontinent of Pangaea, which eventually fragmented, giving rise to the Earth’s present-day continents
The term “Pangaea” has been derived from the Greek words, ‘pan’ which means “entire,” and ‘gaea’ or ‘Gaia’ which means “Mother Earth.” The well-known German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in his 1912 publication, “The Origin of Continents,” first hypothesized that the ancient continents formed a contiguous land mass. In his 1915 publication, “The Origin of Continents and Oceans,” Wegener expanded his previous hypothesis and proposed that before the fragmentation and drifting of the continents to their present-day positions, all the continents formed a part of an immense supercontinent which he named “Urkontinent.” In the 1920 edition of his previous publication, Wegener called the ancient supercontinent “the Pangaea of the Carboniferous.”
Pangaea vs Pangea: Differences And Uses For Each One [15]
Have you ever wondered if it’s “Pangaea” or “Pangea”? The answer is both!. Pangaea, also known as Pangea, is the name given to the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago
The name “Pangaea” comes from the Greek words “pan” meaning all, and “gaea” meaning earth. The name “Pangea” is the same word, just with a different spelling.
Pangaea is a term used to describe a supercontinent that existed millions of years ago. It is believed that this supercontinent was formed during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, and it consisted of almost all of the Earth’s landmasses
Earth’s Next Supercontinent Will Look Incredible, According To Scientists [16]
Earth’s Next Supercontinent Will Look Incredible, According To Scientists. The Earth is always moving, not just around the Sun
While abrupt plate movement is notorious for causing earthquakes and damage to human life, this process has been happening right beneath our noses since the formation of planet Earth.. Now, NASA researchers have shared a glimpse of Earth’s continental future.
All seven continents and five oceans emerged from that large landmass. The research is focused on understanding how tectonic plates are moving on Earth, the planet’s slow rotation rate, the increase in Sun’s brightness as well the future of climate change
The World Factbook [17]
Britain’s American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions
Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world’s most powerful nation state. Since the end of World War II, the economy has achieved relatively steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.
North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico. note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia, no overseas territories
Sources
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea#:~:text=Pangaea%20existed%20as%20a%20supercontinent,years%20ago%20(Middle%20Jurassic).
- https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-was-pangea#:~:text=From%20about%20300%2D200%20million,a%20single%20continent%20called%20Pangea.
- https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/supercontinents-101-pannotia-gondwana-and-pangea/#:~:text=Pangaea%20was%20the%20most%20recent,oddly%20shaped%20puzzle%2Dlike%20pieces.
- https://www.livescience.com/64707-earth-swallowed-superocean.html#:~:text=Rodinia%20was%20a%20supercontinent%20that,and%20170%20million%20years%20ago.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent
- https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/supercontinents-101-pannotia-gondwana-and-pangea/
- https://www.britannica.com/place/Pangea
- https://www.pangea.ca/
- https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-was-pangea
- https://www.livescience.com/38218-facts-about-pangaea.html
- https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/continental-drift
- https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/plate-tectonics/supercontinents-and-climate.html
- https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/what-was-the-first-continent-on-earth-class-6-social-science-cbse-60b8c40db8d0151e8669e440
- https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/pangea.html
- https://thecontentauthority.com/blog/pangaea-vs-pangea
- https://www.indiatimes.com/technology/science-and-future/supercontinent-on-earth-scientists-projection-548689.html
- https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/
