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The Effects of Predators on Wild Turkey Populations
The Effects of Predators on Wild Turkey Populations
The Effects of Predators on Wild Turkey Populations
Wild turkey [1]
|Male (tom/gobblers) eastern wild turkey strutting|. The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an upland game bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes
Adult wild turkeys have long reddish-yellow to grayish-green legs. The body feathers are generally blackish and dark, sometimes gray brown overall with a coppery sheen that becomes more complex in adult males
Juvenile males are called jakes; the difference between an adult male and a juvenile is that the jake has a very short beard and his tail fan has longer feathers in the middle. The adult male’s tail fan feathers will be all the same length.[2] When males are excited, a fleshy flap on the bill (called a snood) expands, and this, the wattles and the bare skin of the head and neck all become engorged with blood
How Turkeys Perceive Their Environment [2]
Most animals have five different senses, including sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste. That said, wild turkeys rely on one more than the rest (sight)
However, they also use sight as their primary defense mechanism against hunters, predators and other threats. Furthermore, their sight allows them to see and process visual data very quickly
Their periscopic head gives them a 360-degree field of view with a slight turn of their head.. With monocular vision, turkeys must turn their head side to side to piece together distances
Predation and Defense: How Turkeys Do It [3]
Editor’s note: Here’s a classic Turkey & Turkey Hunting feature from Lovett Williams.. However, few folks realize the extent to which predation has made the bird what it is.
We found that the most serious effects of predation are nest destruction and poult losses.. Major nest predators included raccoons and skunks, but snakes, opossums and gray foxes also took eggs.
Major predators of young poults were raccoons, crows and raptors.. At the time of hatching, poults have 1-in-8 odds that they’ll live to six months
Wild Turkey Predators [4]
The wild turkey faces a diverse array of predator species, and these predator species vary in their mode of search and capture. True predators or carnivores, actively search and kill living prey
However, many predators of turkeys are more generalists (omnivores) and consume non-animal matter such as plants, seeds, and insects as well as meat secured from stalking and killing prey. These include coyotes, gray and red foxes, rodents, ravens, and crows
Finally, predators such as feral dogs and cats, under certain conditions, may be more harmful to turkeys as a natural predator. Regardless of the predator, most (carnivore and omnivore alike) are opportunistic; they detect prey by sight, sound, or smell during their normal travels and searches for food, and their capture of wild turkeys is usually incidental to pursuit of any suitable prey.
Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio [5]
The Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey, and the heaviest member of the diverse Galliformes (a group of game birds which includes grouse, pheasants, and partridges). It is the same species as the domestic turkey, which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey
The British at the time, therefore, associated the wild turkey with the country Turkey and the name prevails.. Diurnal animals are active during the daytime, with a period of sleeping or other inactivity at night
Obtaining energy and nutrients from plant and ani…. Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land (e.g., cats, ants, snails), as compared with aquatic animals, which liv…
Wild Turkey Fact Sheet [6]
Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo): an upland ground bird native to North America.. There are five subspecies of North American wild turkeys: Eastern, Osceola, Rio Grande, Merriam’s, and Gould’s.
The male typically weighs between 11 to 24 pounds and is 39 to 49 inches long. The female, significantly smaller than the male, weighs 5 to 12 pounds and is only 30 to 37 inches long
The male has a featherless, red head and throat and a body covered in red, bronze, and gold iridescent feathers. When trying to attract a mate, the male will display, fluffing out the feathers on his body, fanning out his tail feathers, and dragging his wings as he struts
Wild Turkey Body Language [7]
Turkey hunters should pay attention to wild turkey body language for several reasons. Body language indicates mood and might even reveal a turkey’s near-term actions.
The color of a turkey’s head indicates its state of mind. Generally, this is a gobbler feeling itself and having great confidence
In contrast, the more red showing, the more fear or submission it’s expressing.. Hunting Application: Study the head coloration to know how aggressive your calling and decoying should be.
Wild Turkey Wildlife Note [8]
The wild turkey is a shy, permanent resident of Pennsylvania’s woods and mountains. Infiltrating a flock of these big birds is no easy feat, and when the hunter or naturalist is finally discovered, he’s treated to a spectacle as the flock breaks up
And, with time the first tentative calls of regrouping birds break the silence.. Turkeys have long been important to humans in North America
Later, the wild turkey became a steady food source for settlers. It earned a symbolic role as the main course of the Thanksgiving meal, which epitomized the successful harvest
Wild Turkey: Upland Game Birds: Birds: Species Information: Wildlife: Fish & Wildlife: Maine Dept of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife [9]
Home → Fish & Wildlife → Wildlife → Species Information → Birds → Upland Game Birds → Wild Turkey. Turkeys are one of Maine’s greatest success stories
Eastern wild turkeys generally require large tracts of mature hardwoods (especially nut producing species such as oak and beech) interspersed with stands of mature pine. They also require grassy openings and hay and pasture lands for raising their young.
During winter, turkeys feed on bayberry fruits, sensitive fern spore heads, burdock seeds, and other vegetation around spring-fed brooks and on bare edges of fields. Turkeys also utilize food sources from humans such as bird feeders and corn silage from dairy farms, especially in winter months when weather conditions are more extreme and natural food sources are limited.
Food, habitat, predators keys in managing wild turkeys [10]
Food, habitat, predators keys in managing wild turkeys. TUSCALOOSA | Want more turkeys? Give them a place with more food, better cover and fewer predators.
Those three components are the keys to improving turkey populations.. After years of studying turkey management, Hurst, a professor emeritus with Mississippi State University, has arrived at one conclusion.
Of those that hatch, only about 10 percent make it to maturity. One study indicated that over a three-year period in Northwest Alabama, the mortality rate among poults (newly hatched turkeys) ranged from 87 percent to 100 percent
8 Facts You Didn’t Know About Turkeys [11]
How much do you really know about the delicious bird that graces your Thanksgiving table each year?. and there’s more to know about them than ideal over temperatures and baking times
If you encounter one in the wild, don’t look it in the eye…. The wild turkey population plummeted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of overhunting and habitat loss
Turkeys follow a strict pecking order and are known to attack birds and even people they deem subordinate, especially during the spring mating season. People who have suffered turkey attacks recommend not looking the birds in the eye.
Wild Turkey Information [12]
Wild turkeys have lived in most parts of Massachusetts since the time of the Colonial settlement. However, human development and hunting took their toll and by 1851 there were no turkeys left in Massachusetts
Today you can find wild turkeys living in most parts of Massachusetts. Wild turkeys live in flocks organized by “pecking order.” This pecking order is a social ranking in which each bird is dominant over or “pecks on” birds of lesser social status
If a turkey views someone as dominant, they will act submissive or fearful. Turkeys may attempt to dominate people that the birds view as subordinates
Wild Turkey [13]
|Ver.||Summary||Created by||Modification||Content Size||Created at||Operation|. The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey, and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes
Although native to North America, the turkey probably got its name from the domesticated variety being imported to Britain in ships coming from the Levant via Spain. The British at the time therefore associated the wild turkey with the country Turkey and the name prevails
Adult wild turkeys have long reddish-yellow to grayish-green legs. The body feathers are generally blackish and dark, sometimes grey brown overall with a coppery sheen that becomes more complex in adult males
New Hampshire Fish and Game Department [14]
Toms (adult males) weigh 18-24 pounds or more; hens (females) about 10 pounds. Plumage is iridescent bronze; dark in males and tips rusty or light brown in females
Neck and head of adult males is reddish, while females have bluish heads with more feathers.. A dewlap (fleshy growth hanging under chin), caruncles (growths located on the side and front of neck), and a snood (a fleshy projection rising above the bill) adorn males
Males have spurs 1/4 to 1-1/4 inch long on the lower legs.. A non-migratory native of much of North America from s
Rio Grande Wild Turkey [15]
The Rio Grande wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) has the largest population and the widest range of the three turkey subspecies (Rio Grande, Merriam’s, and Eastern wild turkeys) found in Texas. Unregulated hunting in the 1800s greatly reduced the Rio Grande wild turkey (RGWT) population in Texas to about 100,000 birds by 1920
However, there has been a steady decline in their populations in certain regions since the 1970s, which prompted TPWD to partner with universities to study the biology and habitat requirements of the turkeys in different parts of the states.. The RGWT do not occupy the Trans Pecos and High Plains ecoregions of Texas
The Edwards Plateau is their historic geographic center and has the highest number of RGWT today. Male turkeys are referred to as “toms”; males of breeding age are “gobblers”; females are “hens”; juveniles are “poults.”
DNR: Fish & Wildlife: Wild Turkey [16]
Wild turkeys were extirpated from Indiana around the 1900s due to loss of forested habitats and unregulated, subsistence hunting for food. As late as 1945, it appeared that they might be a vanishing species in the United States
Where wild turkeys were extirpated, state wildlife agencies were able to successfully restore the appropriate subspecies by solely using wild trapped turkeys from residual wild populations and transplanting them to areas of suitable habitat.. Between 1956 and 2004, 2,795 wild trapped birds were released at 185 sites around the state
Additionally, modern day hunting regulations were developed to allow sustainable annual harvests while providing protection to the long-term existence of wild turkeys. Wildlife habitat management projects, ensuring the seasonal life needs of wild turkeys, have also contributed to their successful restoration
Don’t Blame Predators for Poor Turkey Habitat [17]
Most turkey hunters would agree that wild turkeys are undoubtedly one of the wariest game species in the woods. It is this natural cautious tendency that makes them such a challenge to pursue, and is one of the primary reasons so many hunters leave the turkey woods shaking their heads in defeat and confusion each spring
Even before they are born, turkeys face a gauntlet of potential predators – nearly everything in the woods likes to eat turkeys or turkey eggs. This fact leads many landowners who desire higher turkey populations to conclude that a reduction in predators is all that is needed in order to turn their property into a slice of turkey heaven
So who are these evil doers? Well, as was just suggested, turkey predators can be loosely broken into three somewhat distinct groups – adult predators, poult predators, and nest predators.. Of the three, the smallest is the group that can kill adults
Sources
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_turkey#:~:text=When%20fighting%20off%20predators%2C%20turkeys,size%20of%20mid%2Dsized%20mammals.
- https://www.nwtf.org/content-hub/how-turkeys-perceive-their-environment#:~:text=Wild%20turkeys%20have%20very%20adept,process%20visual%20data%20very%20quickly.
- https://www.turkeyandturkeyhunting.com/turkey-scratchings/turkey-hunting-blog/predation-and-defense-how-turkeys-do-it
- http://waterandwoods.net/2008/09/wild-turkey-predators/
- https://animalia.bio/wild-turkey
- https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/wild-turkey-fact-sheet/
- https://www.nwtf.org/content-hub/wild-turkey-body-language-2
- https://www.pgc.pa.gov/Education/WildlifeNotesIndex/Pages/WildTurkey.aspx
- https://www.maine.gov/ifw/fish-wildlife/wildlife/species-information/birds/wild-turkey.html
- https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2003/03/16/food-habitat-predators-keys-in-managing-wild-turkeys/27836429007/
- https://www.heifer.org/blog/animals/facts-about-turkeys.html
- http://www.provincetown-ma.gov/926/Wild-Turkey-Information
- https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34795
- https://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/wildlife/profiles/wild-turkey.html
- https://wildlife.tamu.edu/wildlifemanagement/turkeys/
- https://www.in.gov/dnr/fish-and-wildlife/wildlife-resources/animals/wild-turkey/
- https://www.mdwfp.com/wildlife-hunting/turkey-program/turkey-ecology-and-life-history/dont-blame-predators-for-poor-turkey-habitat/
