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[Solved] 1. Which of the following is not an example of proxy data? Group of… [1]
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Paleoclimatology: Climate Proxies [2]
Since it is not possible to go back in time to see what climates were like, scientists use imprints created during past climate, known as proxies, to interpret paleoclimate. Organisms, such as diatoms, forams, and coral serve as useful climate proxies
Past climate can be reconstructed using a combination of different types of proxy records. These records can then be integrated with observations of Earth’s modern climate and placed into a computer model to infer past as well as predict future climate.
Forams and diatoms are shelled organisms found in aquatic and marine environments. There are both planktonic, or floating in the water column, and benthic, or bottom dwelling, forms
Mapped: How ‘proxy’ data reveals the climate of the Earth’s distant past [3]
At any one moment in time, thousands of measurements are being taken of the world’s weather. Across land, sea and sky, data is being gathered manually and automatically using a range of technologies, from the humble thermometer to the latest multi million-pound satellite.
But even the world’s longest climate archive – the central England temperature record – only goes back to 1659. This is a mere snapshot in time considering the hundreds of thousands of years that humans have roamed the planet.
Tucked away in an assortment of unlikely places – from shells and stalactites to pollen and seal pelts – the natural world has recorded the ebb and flow of the climate for millions of years.. This is known as “proxy data” – indirect records of climate imprinted on different parts of the biosphere.
Paleoclimate proxy span & resolution [4]
Paleoclimate proxy records are sources of data that tell us about past climates. They are especially useful in helping us learn about climate during periods prior to human records
Two factors related to time are important measures of paleoclimate proxy data. The two factors are the span of the record and the resolution of the record.
Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology Program/Department of Commerce. “Span” refers to the range of time for which data from a given type of proxy exists
What Are Proxy Data? [5]
In paleoclimatology, or the study of past climates, scientists use what is known as proxy data to reconstruct past climate conditions. These proxy data are preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurements
By analyzing records taken from these and other proxy sources, scientists can extend our understanding of climate far beyond the instrumental record.. Historical documents, which are one type of proxy data, can contain a wealth of information about past climates
When properly evaluated, historical documents can yield both qualitative and quantitative information about past climate. For example, scientists used historical grape harvest dates to reconstruct summer temperatures, between April and September, in Paris from 1370 to 1879.
Digression About climate proxies 171 Overview of proxy data [6]
Digression About climate proxies 171 Overview of proxy data. Instrumental records of climate – that is, records of measurements of temperature and other quantities by scientific instruments – date back at most a few hundred years
Written historical records of such events as frost dates, encounters with sea ice and depictions of mountain glacier length provide some information about the climate of the past few millennia, but for the most part one must rely on climate proxies for information on what climate was doing a century or more ago. A climate proxy is any measurable thing preserved in the geological record of Earth or other planets, from which some aspect of climate can be inferred; to be useful, a climate proxy must come with a chronology, that is, some means of telling what period the proxy dates to
For example, the existence of river networks on the surface of Mars tells us that at some time in the past the surface of Mars must have been warm enough to support a liquid (probably water) flowing for long distances along the surface; in this case, the chronology at the time of writing comes from counting the number of craters superimposed on the features. Similarly, the existence of marine sedimentary deposits and stromatolites during the Archean provides compelling evidence that the Earth was warm enough to support open ocean water through much of its early history.
Proxy Data [7]
Proxy data are used to reconstruct the climate and ocean states from thousands to millions of years ago. They can be thought of as nature’s record-keepers, in that proxy data come from pollen, trees, coral, ice cores, stalagtites, and ocean and lake sediments and are preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct measurements
Below are some common proxy records that are used in paleoclimate reconstructions, or to interpret the climate and ocean conditions of the past.. Some people hate pollen, as it can cause horrible allergic reactions and in the Spring, chances are your car may become covered in it if you park too close to a flowering tree! But paleoclimatologists love pollen, especially pollen that is fossilized
These trees produce a certain type of pollen that is only found in cold, high latitude regions of the world today. So, if we find Black Spruce pollen in old rocks or ocean sediments at lower latitudes (closer to the equator), we can interpret that the Earth may have been colder in the geologic past
Paleoclimatology: Climate Proxies [8]
Since it is not possible to go back in time to see what climates were like, scientists use imprints created during past climate, known as proxies, to interpret paleoclimate. Organisms, such as diatoms, forams, and coral serve as useful climate proxies
Past climate can be reconstructed using a combination of different types of proxy records. These records can then be integrated with observations of Earth’s modern climate and placed into a computer model to infer past as well as predict future climate.
Forams and diatoms are shelled organisms found in aquatic and marine environments. There are both planktonic, or floating in the water column, and benthic, or bottom dwelling, forms
[Solved] Which one of the following climate change proxies is not the [9]
Which one of the following climate change proxies is not the terrestrial biotic climatic proxy?. Climate proxies are previous physical features that can be used to replace direct meteorological data allowing scientists to reconstruct climatic conditions over a longer period of time.
– Proxy data can reveal information about a variety of climate-related changes. – Paleoclimatologists use natural climate recorders including tree rings, ice cores, fossil pollen, ocean sediments, corals, and historical data to compile proxy data.
– It’s an important part of paleoclimatology the study of past climates and it also helps predict how the weather and planet may change in the near future.. Therefore, Boreholes are not the terrestrial biotic climatic proxy.
Proxy (climate) [10]
In the study of past climates (“paleoclimatology”), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements[1] and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth’s history. Reliable global records of climate only began in the 1880s, and proxies provide the only means for scientists to determine climatic patterns before record-keeping began.
Examples of proxies include stable isotope measurements from ice cores, growth rates in tree rings, species composition of sub-fossil pollen in lake sediment or foraminifera in ocean sediments, temperature profiles of boreholes, and stable isotopes and mineralogy of corals and carbonate speleothems. In each case, the proxy indicator has been influenced by a particular seasonal climate parameter (e.g., summer temperature or monsoon intensity) at the time in which they were laid down or grew
Proxies can be combined to produce temperature reconstructions longer than the instrumental temperature record and can inform discussions of global warming and climate history. The geographic distribution of proxy records, just like the instrumental record, is not at all uniform, with more records in the northern hemisphere.[3]
Mapped: How ‘proxy’ data reveals the climate of the Earth’s distant past [11]
At any one moment in time, thousands of measurements are being taken of the world’s weather. Across land, sea and sky, data is being gathered manually and automatically using a range of technologies, from the humble thermometer to the latest multi million-pound satellite.
But even the world’s longest climate archive – the central England temperature record – only goes back to 1659. This is a mere snapshot in time considering the hundreds of thousands of years that humans have roamed the planet.
Tucked away in an assortment of unlikely places – from shells and stalactites to pollen and seal pelts – the natural world has recorded the ebb and flow of the climate for millions of years.. This is known as “proxy data” – indirect records of climate imprinted on different parts of the biosphere.
Evidence of past climates: ‘proxy dates’ [12]
– We can’t travel back in time to measure temperatures, but the evidence of past climates has been well-preserved in different ways. These climate proxies from around he world (Fig 1.) stand in for modern meteorological measurements.
– However, when multiple types of proxies are gathered from many areas and compared with one another, a more complete picture of past climates can be formed about what climates were like locally, regionally, and globally.. – This helps us understand what caused past climate changes and what the climate will be like in the future if we keep emitting greenhouse gases.
– See also Wellington University’s Antarctic Research Centre.. – Speleothems (stalactites, stalagmites & flowstones)
CO2 Proxy Data [13]
image source Smithsonian national museum of natural history. This colourful foraminifera, a Globigerinoides ruber (G
The dark shell at the centre is surrounded by symbiotic algae (the tiny yellow dots) and spines that will fall off when it dies, leaving the shell alone to be preserved in the fossil record. ruber enabled scientists to double the CO2 proxy record beyond the current 1 million-year age limit for ice cores.
Scientists combine many types of proxy records to reconstruct environmental conditions from thousands to many millions of years ago. Other examples of proxy evidence include sediments in lakes and oceans, and micro fossils
Paleo Proxy Data: What Is It? [14]
A paleoclimatologist’s work is science focused on the climate of past ages. Proxy data is data that paleoclimatologists gather from natural recorders of climate variability, e.g., tree rings, ice cores, fossil pollen, ocean sediments, coral and historical data
Historical Data: Historical documents contain a treasure of information about the climates of the past. Observations of weather and climate conditions can be found in places such as farmers and ships logs and newspaper accounts
Corals: Corals build their hard skeletons from calcium carbonate—a mineral extracted from sea water. The carbon contains isotopes and trace metals that can be used to tell the conditions of the water in which coral grows, such as temperature
Using Proxy Data to Understand Climate History [15]
Climate change is of great concern for today’s students. Impacts of climate change are felt on environmental, health, social, economic, and political systems globally, and urgency for mitigation continues to grow
This article describes the use and discussion of proxy data in the middle school classroom to explore Earth’s historic temperatures as determined by proxy data. Scientists use proxy data as evidence to describe past conditions
Proxy data include tree rings, fossils, pollen, diatoms, and core samples of ice or soil. Middle school students may use proxy data as a means to understanding how scientists use evidence to learn about past climates
Changing Climate: Our Future, Our Choice — Museum of the Earth [16]
How do we know ancient temperatures and levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂)?. We have excellent CO₂ data from instruments and satellites going back to the 1950s, and Earth surface temperature data going back to the late 1800s
This animation shows how far back in time we can extract past climate and CO₂ data from proxies.. Click the “Present” button to begin, and then click on the arrows at the bottom of the screen to move through the animation.
Deep sea cores of sediment up to thousands of meters long contain especially well-preserved records, going as far back as 200 million years.. Most of the climate information within the cores comes from the shells of single-celled plankton called foraminifera that sank to the ocean bottom after death
The Use of Greenhouse Gases as Climate Proxy Data in Interpreting Climatic Variability [17]
Vol.3 No.1(2013), Article ID:27540,5 pages DOI:10.4236/acs.2013.31002. The Use of Greenhouse Gases as Climate Proxy Data in Interpreting Climatic Variability
Received June 26, 2012; revised July 28, 2012; accepted August 7, 2012. Keywords: Greenhouse Gases; Proxy Data; Global Warming
These greenhouse gases were related to temperature records using standard deviation (SD) as the transfer function based on observed correlations between them and global warming records. The annual SD used as warming index for the concentrations of these greenhouse gases for the period 1996 to 2005 at the various stations considered showed good correlation with 1998 as the warmest for these stations.
Sources
- https://www.cliffsnotes.com/tutors-problems/Environmental-Science/48593066-1-Which-of-the-following-is-not-an-example-of-proxy-data-Group-of/#:~:text=Examples%20of%20proxy%20data%20include,the%20analysis%20of%20proxy%20data.
- https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/paleoclimate.html#:~:text=Organisms%2C%20such%20as%20diatoms%2C%20forams,sediment%20and%20the%20sediment%20itself).
- https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/how-proxy-data-reveals-climate-of-earths-distant-past/
- https://eo.ucar.edu/staff/rrussell/climate/paleoclimate/proxy_span_resolution.html#:~:text=Paleoclimate%20proxy%20records%20are%20sources,examples%20of%20paleoclimate%20%22proxies%22.
- https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/what-are-proxy-data
- https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/surface-temperature/digression-about-climate-proxies-171-overview-of-proxy-data.html
- https://timescavengers.blog/introductory-material/what-is-paleoclimatology/proxy-data/
- https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/index.html
- https://testbook.com/question-answer/which-one-of-the-following-climate-change-proxies–622c7376b11768029cc88a09
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_(climate)
- https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/how-proxy-data-reveals-climate-of-earths-distant-past/
- https://climateandnature.org.nz/climate-wiki/evidence/proxy-dates/
- https://www.co2.earth/co2-proxy-data
- https://iedro.org/articles/paleo-proxy-data/
- https://www.nsta.org/science-scope/science-scope-mayjune-2023/using-proxy-data-understand-climate-history
- https://www.museumoftheearth.org/changing-climate/proxies
- https://www.scirp.org/html/2-4700100_27540.htm
