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The structure of DNA: How Dr Rosalind Franklin contributed to the story of life [1]
Dr Franklin joined the laboratory of John Randall at King’s in 1950 with a PhD from Cambridge and X-ray diffraction experience in Paris. At King’s, by controlling the water content of the DNA specimens, she showed that the molecule could exist in two forms (A and B)
A paper by Franklin and Gosling, together with one by Dr Maurice Wilkins and colleagues from King’s, accompanied the announcement of Watson and Crick’s momentous discovery in Nature in May 1953. Franklin moved to Birkbeck College, London, and she died of cancer in 1958
Photographs courtesy of King’s College London Archives.
Evolution: Library: The Discovery of DNA’s Structure [2]
They were hardly modest, these two brash young scientists who in 1953 declared to patrons of the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, England, that they had “found the secret of life.” But James Watson and Francis Crick’s claim was a valid one, for they had in fact discovered the structure of DNA, the chemical that encodes instructions for building and replicating almost all living things. The stunning find made possible the era of “new biology” that led to the biotechnology industry and, most recently, the deciphering of the human genetic blueprint.
As early as 1943 Oswald Avery proved what had been suspected: that DNA, a nucleic acid, carries genetic information. By the early 1950s, at least two groups were hot on the trail
At King’s College in London, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins were studying DNA. Wilkins and Franklin used X-ray diffraction as their main tool — beaming X-rays through the molecule yielded a shadow picture of the molecule’s structure, by how the X-rays bounced off its component parts.
Women in Radiation History: Rosalind Franklin [3]
British scientist Rosalind Franklin’s application of radiation science was truly historic. Her work with x-ray crystallography confirmed the double-helix structure of the DNA molecule
Franklin’s research advanced the understanding of viruses. Her remarkable life was tragically cut short by cancer.
Photograph 51, by Rosalind Franklin (1952) [4]
On 6 May 1952, at King´s College London in London, England, Rosalind Franklin photographed her fifty-first X-ray diffraction pattern of deoxyribosenucleic acid, or DNA. Photograph 51, or Photo 51, revealed information about DNA´s three-dimensional structure by displaying the way a beam of X-rays scattered off a pure fiber of DNA
Maurice Wilkins, Franklin´s colleague showed James Watson and Francis Crick Photo 51 without Franklin´s knowledge. Watson and Crick used that image to develop their structural model of DNA
Franklin´s Photo 51 helped scientists learn more about the three-dimensional structure of DNA and enabled scientists to understand DNA´s role in heredity.. X-ray crystallography, the technique Franklin used to produce Photo 51 of DNA, is a method scientists use to determine the three-dimensional structure of a crystal
Evolution: Library: The Discovery of DNA’s Structure [5]
They were hardly modest, these two brash young scientists who in 1953 declared to patrons of the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, England, that they had “found the secret of life.” But James Watson and Francis Crick’s claim was a valid one, for they had in fact discovered the structure of DNA, the chemical that encodes instructions for building and replicating almost all living things. The stunning find made possible the era of “new biology” that led to the biotechnology industry and, most recently, the deciphering of the human genetic blueprint.
As early as 1943 Oswald Avery proved what had been suspected: that DNA, a nucleic acid, carries genetic information. By the early 1950s, at least two groups were hot on the trail
At King’s College in London, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins were studying DNA. Wilkins and Franklin used X-ray diffraction as their main tool — beaming X-rays through the molecule yielded a shadow picture of the molecule’s structure, by how the X-rays bounced off its component parts.
The Discovery of the Double Helix, 1951-1953 [6]
The discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by James Watson and Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is largely concerned with understanding how genes control the chemical processes within cells. In short order, their discovery yielded ground-breaking insights into the genetic code and protein synthesis
Major current advances in science, namely genetic fingerprinting and modern forensics, the mapping of the human genome, and the promise, yet unfulfilled, of gene therapy, all have their origins in Watson and Crick’s inspired work. The double helix has not only reshaped biology, it has become a cultural icon, represented in sculpture, visual art, jewelry, and toys.
In 1944, Oswald Avery had shown that DNA was the “transforming principle,” the carrier of hereditary information, in pneumococcal bacteria. Nevertheless, many scientists continued to believe that DNA had a structure too uniform and simple to store genetic information for making complex living organisms
Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins [7]
Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins. These four scientists—Crick, Franklin, Watson, and Wilkins—codiscovered the double-helix structure of DNA, which formed the basis for modern biotechnology.
Franklin’s images allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to create their famous two-strand, or double-helix, model.. 1928), Crick (1916–2004), and Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
The reasons for her exclusion have been debated and are still unclear. There is a Nobel Prize stipulation that states “in no case may a prize amount be divided between more than three persons.” The fact she died before the prize was awarded may also have been a factor, although the stipulation against posthumous awards was not instated until 1974.
Academics find twist in tale of Rosalind Franklin, DNA and the double helix [8]
In the story of how Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the structure of DNA, the popular narrative is one of skullduggery and deceit. But now researchers say there is a twist in the tale of the double helix.
Now academics say the story should be rewritten, arguing that the image was far from the key to the puzzle and that Franklin appears to have expected her data to be shared – and was credited at the time.. “There’s no evidence that she thought she was robbed,” said Prof Matthew Cobb, of the University of Manchester.
One, a draft article from 1953 meant for publication in Time magazine, clearly depicts the discovery as being a joint endeavour by two independent teams – Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, and Crick and Watson.. Another document from the archive, a letter to Crick from a colleague of Franklin, suggests the latter had not only discussed her various data with Crick’s supervisor but assumed he would share the knowledge with Crick.
Rosalind Franklin | Biography, Facts, & DNA [9]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. Rosalind Franklin, in full Rosalind Elsie Franklin, (born July 25, 1920, London, England—died April 16, 1958, London), British scientist best known for her contributions to the discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a constituent of chromosomes that serves to encode genetic information
Paul’s Girls’ School before studying physical chemistry at Newnham College, University of Cambridge. After graduating in 1941, she received a fellowship to conduct research in physical chemistry at Cambridge
Nevertheless, she was able to use this research for her doctoral thesis, and in 1945 she received a doctorate from Cambridge. From 1947 to 1950 she worked with Jacques Méring at the State Chemical Laboratory in Paris, studying X-ray diffraction technology
Watson & Crick [10]
• Crick and Watson’s elucidation of the structure of DNA using model making. The structural organisation of the DNA molecule was correctly proposed in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick
Their efforts were guided by an understanding of molecular distances and bond angles developed by Linus Pauling, and were based upon some key experimental discoveries:. – DNA is composed of nucleotides made up of a sugar, phosphate and base – Phoebus Levene, 1919
– DNA is organised into a helical structure – Rosalind Franklin, 1953 (data shared without permission). Using trial and error, Watson and Crick were able to assemble a DNA model that demonstrated the following:
What was Rosalind Franklin’s true role in the discovery of DNA’s double helix? [11]
Rosalind Franklin’s role in the discovery of the structure of DNA may have been different than previously believed. Franklin wasn’t the victim of data theft at the hands of James Watson and Francis Crick, say biographers of the famous duo
Seventy years ago, a trio of scientific papers announcing the discovery of DNA’s double helix was published. Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1962 for the finding
Many people have been outraged by accounts that Watson and Crick used Franklin’s unpublished data without her knowledge or consent in making their model of DNA’s molecular structure. What’s more, Franklin supposedly did not understand the significance of an X-ray diffraction image, taken by her graduate student, that came to be known as Photograph 51
Rosalind Franklin [12]
Rosalind Franklin is known for making a significant contribution to the discovery of the DNA double helix. In recent years, her story has become famous as one of a woman whose scientific work was overlooked during her lifetime.
The two shared the Nobel prize for their discovery in 1962, along with Franklin’s former colleague Maurice Wilkins. But the previous year, Crick himself admitted in a letter that “the data which really helped us to obtain the structure was mainly obtained by Rosalind Franklin.”
Franklin was born in London in 1920 and was educated in private schools and at Cambridge University. She showed an early passion for science, and after graduating, she worked as a research chemist in the British Coal Utilisation Research Association, with significant work on the structure of coals earning her a PhD from Cambridge in 1945
February 28: The Day Scientists Discovered the Double Helix [13]
Howard Markel revisits moments that changed the course of modern medicine.. The place: The Eagle, a genial pub and favorite luncheon spot for the staff, students and researchers working at the University of Cambridge’s old Cavendish laboratory on nearby Free School Lane.
Two men entered the noisy pub to create even more noise. The first was a tall, gangly, 25-year-old American bacteriologist with uncombed hair named James Watson
With booming voices and youthful bravado, the odd duo bragged that they, in the words of Francis Crick — or at least in the memory of James Watson recalling the words of Francis Crick — “We have discovered the secret of life.”. That very morning, the two men worked out the double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, better known to every first-grader as DNA.
Rosalind Franklin Was An Equal Contributor, Not A Victim, In Discovery Of DNA Structure, Say Scientists [14]
It is a popular belief that James Watson and Francis Crick stole Rosalind Franklin’s (left) data, and did not give her credit for her work. However, two documents provide evidence to show that Franklin was an equal contributor, and not a victim, in the discovery of DNA structure (right)
It is a popular belief that American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick stole Franklin’s data, and did not give her credit for her work. However, a previously overlooked letter and a news article, which were written in 1953, the year in which Watson and Crick published a paper explaining the double helix structure of DNA, provide evidence to show that Franklin was an equal contributor in the discovery of the structure of DNA.
The new article, written by Matthew Cobb, a professor of zoology at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom, and Nathaniel Comfort, a professor of history of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, United States, was published April 25, 2023 in Nature.. On April 25, 1953, Watson and Crick published a paper titled “A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid” in Nature, explaining the double helix structure of DNA.
The discovery of the molecular structure of DNA – the double helix [15]
Please read the important information regarding these games at the bottom of the page.. The sentence “This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest” may be one of science’s most famous understatements
Nine years later, in 1962, they shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Maurice Wilkins, for solving one of the most important of all biological riddles. Half a century later, important new implications of this contribution to science are still coming to light.
Way back in 1868, almost a century before the Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, a young Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher, isolated something no one had ever seen before from the nuclei of cells. He called the compound “nuclein.” This is today called nucleic acid, the “NA” in DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic-acid) and RNA (ribo-nucleic-acid).
Franklin’s X-ray diffraction, explanation of X-ray pattern. :: CSHL DNA Learning Center [16]
Franklin’s X-ray diffraction, explanation of X-ray pattern.. How an X-ray diffraction pattern is created and how the DNA X-ray diffraction pattern can be interpreted to give the dimensions
This is the X-ray crystallograph pattern of DNA obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in 1952. It was clearer than the other X-ray patterns because water was included in the DNA sample
The distinctive “X” in this X-ray photo is the telltale pattern of a helix. Because the X-ray pattern is so regular, the dimensions of the helix must also be consistent
Dr. Rosalind Franklin [17]
A role model for our university, aspiring scientists, health professionals and those underrepresented in STEM. Our university was dedicated in 2004 to Rosalind Franklin, PhD, the brilliant and trailblazing scientist whose Photo 51 revealed the double helix of DNA — a discovery that was essential in unlocking the mystery to how life is passed down from generation to generation
A physical chemist, researcher and foremost expert in crystallography, Dr. Franklin’s renown grew out of the two years she spent conducting research at King’s College London in the early 1950s, as scientists across the globe raced to discover the structure of DNA
Franklin patiently struggled to prove the structure through mathematical computations and to capture the B form of DNA through more than 100 hours of photographic exposure. While her Photo 51 and related data were integral to the 1953 discovery and description of the double helix structure of DNA, her contribution went largely unrecognized for nearly 50 years.
Sources
- https://www.kcl.ac.uk/the-structure-of-dna-how-dr-rosalind-franklin-contributed-to-the-story-of-life-2#:~:text=The%20discovery%20of%20the%20structure,development%20of%20all%20living%20organisms.
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/06/3/l_063_01.html#:~:text=Created%20by%20Rosalind%20Franklin%20using,shape%20of%20the%20DNA%20molecule.
- https://www.epa.gov/radtown/women-radiation-history-rosalind-franklin#:~:text=British%20scientist%20Rosalind%20Franklin’s%20application,in%20service%20to%20her%20country.
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- http://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/26-structure-of-dna-and-rna/watson–crick.html
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- https://www.rosalindfranklin.edu/about/facts-figures/dr-rosalind-franklin/
