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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) | Indications, mechanism, side effects
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) | Indications, mechanism, side effects
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) | Indications, mechanism, side effects
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) [1]
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)See all parts of this guide Hide guide parts. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a widely used type of antidepressant medication.
SSRIs are usually the first choice medication for depression because they generally have fewer side effects than most other types of antidepressant.. As well as depression, SSRIs can be used to treat a number of other mental health conditions, including:
SSRIs can sometimes be used to treat other conditions, such as premature ejaculation, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Occasionally, they may also be prescribed to treat pain.
SSRI Antidepressant Medications: Adverse Effects and Tolerability [2]
SSRI Antidepressant Medications: Adverse Effects and Tolerability. Side effects of antidepressants can be predicted by receptor selectivity and site of action
The author explores the reasons for the different profiles and discusses adverse effects, especially sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and sleep disturbance, the most troubling adverse events seen during long-term SSRI therapy. The informed management of these side effects by primary care practitioners supports successful treatment of depression.
Further investigations of these compounds and the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) led to early theories relating brain chemistry and mood. These discoveries in the 1950s and 1960s sparked further interest in antidepressant drug therapy and in developing new and better medications for patients suffering from depression.
Serotonin syndrome [3]
It is caused by medications that build up high levels of serotonin in the body.. Serotonin is a chemical that the body produces naturally
But too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild (shivering and diarrhea) to severe (muscle rigidity, fever and seizures). Severe serotonin syndrome can cause death if not treated.
It’s most often caused by combining medications that contain serotonin, such as a migraine medication and an antidepressant. Some illicit drugs and dietary supplements are associated with serotonin syndrome.
Side effects – Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) [4]
The side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can be troublesome at first, but most improve with time.. In general, SSRIs are better tolerated than most other types of antidepressants
It’s important to persist with treatment, even if you’re affected by side effects, as it will take several weeks before you begin to benefit from treatment. With time, you should find that the benefits of treatment outweigh problems related to side effects.
However, you can contact your doctor at any point if you experience any particularly troublesome or persistent side effects.. For information about the side effects of a particular SSRI, check the information leaflet that comes with your medicine.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) [5]
This commonly prescribed type of antidepressant can help you overcome depression. Discover how SSRIs improve mood and what side effects they may cause.By Mayo Clinic Staff
They can ease symptoms of moderate to severe depression, are relatively safe and typically cause fewer side effects than other types of antidepressants do.. SSRIs treat depression by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain
SSRIs block the reabsorption (reuptake) of serotonin into neurons. This makes more serotonin available to improve transmission of messages between neurons
SSRI Antidepressant Medications: Adverse Effects and Tolerability [6]
SSRI Antidepressant Medications: Adverse Effects and Tolerability. Side effects of antidepressants can be predicted by receptor selectivity and site of action
The author explores the reasons for the different profiles and discusses adverse effects, especially sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and sleep disturbance, the most troubling adverse events seen during long-term SSRI therapy. The informed management of these side effects by primary care practitioners supports successful treatment of depression.
Further investigations of these compounds and the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) led to early theories relating brain chemistry and mood. These discoveries in the 1950s and 1960s sparked further interest in antidepressant drug therapy and in developing new and better medications for patients suffering from depression.
List of Common SSRIs + Uses & Side Effects [7]
SSRI stands for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. SSRI antidepressants are a type of antidepressant that have been shown to increase levels of serotonin within the brain.
It carries messages between brain cells and contributes to well-being, good mood, appetite, as well as helping to regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycle and internal clock. Historically, it was thought that depression was caused by low levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain, although experts now do not think this is the case.
Other types include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and the atypical antidepressants.. SSRI antidepressants help to relieve symptoms of depression such as low mood, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, restlessness, anxiety, and difficulty in sleeping.
What Are SSRIs? [8]
But for people with depression, the feelings of sadness can be so severe that they interfere with everyday life. It can become hard to function at home or at work, and the feelings can lead to a variety of physical and emotional problems.
Between 80% and 90%of people who have it benefit from treatment. The kind of management you need depends on your specific situation, but for some people, medication can be very helpful.
The most common antidepressants are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). They’re considered relatively safe and cause fewer side effects than other kinds of medications used to treat depression.
What Are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)? [9]
All About Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Types, Side Effects, and More. SSRIs generally cause fewer side effects than other treatments, which is one reason they’re the most commonly prescribed antidepressants.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat depression and related mental health conditions.. They’re also more accessible and cost-effective than other treatment options for depression, says James Rachal, MD, a psychiatrist and senior academic chairman of the department of psychiatry at Atrium Health in Charlotte, North Carolina.
That’s why an SSRI that’s effective for one person might not work as well for someone else, and it might cause different side effects for different people. And if an SSRI doesn’t work for you, this doesn’t mean you have to give up on treatment
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [10]
|Synonyms||Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, serotonergic antidepressants[1]|. |Use||Major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders|
SSRIs increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by limiting its reabsorption (reuptake) into the presynaptic cell.[2] They have varying degrees of selectivity for the other monoamine transporters, with pure SSRIs having strong affinity for the serotonin transporter and only weak affinity for the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters.. SSRIs are the most widely prescribed antidepressants in many countries.[3] The efficacy of SSRIs in mild or moderate cases of depression has been disputed[4] and may or may not be outweighed by side effects, especially in adolescent populations.[5][6][7][8]
They are also frequently used to treat depersonalization disorder, although with varying results.[9]. Antidepressants are recommended by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) as a first-line treatment of severe depression and for the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression that persists after conservative measures such as cognitive therapy.[10] They recommend against their routine use by those who have chronic health problems and mild depression.[10]
What are the real risks of antidepressants? [11]
Though common in use, SSRIs are not without their side effects.. Since the late 1980s, America and the world have been enjoying the benefits of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
The range of their uses has expanded from depression to anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders, and many other psychiatric conditions.. These types of antidepressants are generally safe, but no medical treatment is without risk.
These problems are usually temporary or mild or both. A more serious potential problem is reduced blood clotting capacity because of a decreased concentration of the neurotransmitter serotonin in platelets
The Safety, Tolerability and Risks Associated with the Use of Newer Generation Antidepressant Drugs: A Critical Review of the Literature [12]
Newer generation antidepressant drugs (ADs) are widely used as the first line of treatment for major depressive disorders and are considered to be safer than tricyclic agents. In this critical review, we evaluated the literature on adverse events, tolerability and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, bupropion, mirtazapine, trazodone, agomelatine, vilazodone, levomilnacipran and vortioxetine
They encompass gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, diarrhea, gastric bleeding, dyspepsia), hepatotoxicity, weight gain and metabolic abnormalities, cardiovascular disturbances (heart rate, QT interval prolongation, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension), genitourinary symptoms (urinary retention, incontinence), sexual dysfunction, hyponatremia, osteoporosis and risk of fractures, bleeding, central nervous system disturbances (lowering of seizure threshold, extrapyramidal side effects, cognitive disturbances), sweating, sleep disturbances, affective disturbances (apathy, switches, paradoxical effects), ophthalmic manifestations (glaucoma, cataract) and hyperprolactinemia. At times, such adverse events may persist after drug discontinuation, yielding iatrogenic comorbidity
Thus, the rational selection of ADs should consider the potential benefits and risks, likelihood of responsiveness to the treatment option and vulnerability to adverse events. The findings of this review should alert the physician to carefully review the appropriateness of AD prescription on an individual basis and to consider alternative treatments if available.
Which adverse effects influence the dropout rate in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment? Results for 50,824 patients [13]
Which adverse effects influence the dropout rate in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment? Results for 50,824 patients. Welche unerwünschten Ereignisse haben einen Einfluss auf die Behandlungsabbruchrate von selektiven Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmern (SSRI)? Ergebnis von 50.824 Patienten
However, despite these advantages SSRIs are still associated with a number of adverse drug reactions, especially in the early stages of treatment, which may lead to premature discontinuation of therapy in some cases. The aim of the present study was to assess the most common adverse drug reactions of SSRIs as well as their impact on dropout rate in a large study population.
The presence of certain co-morbidities was also registered.. Results: The mean age was 54.5 ± 19 years, two-thirds of the study population being female
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review [14]
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review. Premenstrual Syndrome/ Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder
– Greenberg, P.E.; Fournier, A.A.; Sisitsky, T.; Pike, C.T.; Kessler, R.C. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010)
– Depression (Major Depressive Disorder)—Diagnosis and Treatment—Mayo Clinic. Available online: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356013 (accessed on 21 June 2021).
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): What Are They? [15]
If you’re currently dealing with a mental health condition like depression, you are not alone.. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), in the United States nearly 1 in 5 adults and 1 in 6 youth (ages 6 to 17 years) experience mental illness each year.
SSRIs are a first-line treatment for depression and a few other mental health conditions because they tend to be effective for the general population and have fewer side effects.. The main way that SSRIs help people manage conditions like depression is by increasing serotonin in the brain
Serotonin is one of many brain chemicals that transmit messages between brain cells. It has been called the “feel-good chemical” because it causes a relaxed state of well-being
SSRI Antidepressants Health Risks, Side Effects and Complications [16]
What Is a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)?. An SSRI is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and is an antidepressant medication that is used to treat many mental health conditions
SSRIs are commonly thought to cause fewer side effects than other types of antidepressants. Since Prozac, the first SSRI to be released in the US, was released in 1988, antidepressants have become extremely popular
Depression, or major depressive disorder, is a serious medical condition that is both common and treatable. Depression can have negative effects on how a person feels, thinks, and acts
What is the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)? [17]
– Observational study results have indicated that there is an association between the use of SSRIs and upper GI bleeds, with a number needed to harm (NNH, the number of patients who would have to receive therapy to induce one episode of upper GI bleeding) of 791.. – The use of SSRIs with concomitant nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been found to increase the risk of upper GI bleeding further (NNH=160)
– Being over the age of 80 or having a previous history of GI bleeding adds to the risk of upper GI bleeding with SSRIs. The risk may also be higher in patients who have just started taking SSRIs, and in those taking SSRIs with a high/intermediate affinity for the serotonin receptor.
Studies have shown that acid suppressing drugs, e.g. PPIs, protect against upper GI bleeds in patients receiving single-therapy SSRI or combined NSAID and SSRI Current NICE guidance on depression recommends considering a gastroprotective drug in older people on SSRIs who are also taking NSAIDs or aspirin.
Sources
- https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181155/#:~:text=Gastrointestinal%20(GI)%20disturbances%20are%20the%20most%20frequently%20reported%20side%20effects.&text=Individually%2C%20postmarketing%20surveillance%20studies%20suggest,reported%20with%20sertraline%20and%20fluoxetine.
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/serotonin-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20354758#:~:text=The%20drugs%20and%20supplements%20that,Brisdelle)%20and%20sertraline%20(Zoloft)
- https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/talking-therapies-medicine-treatments/medicines-and-psychiatry/ssri-antidepressants/side-effects/
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/in-depth/ssris/art-20044825
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181155/
- https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/ssri-antidepressants.html
- https://www.webmd.com/depression/ssris-myths-and-facts-about-antidepressants
- https://www.everydayhealth.com/ssri/guide/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor
- https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/what-are-the-real-risks-of-antidepressants
- https://karger.com/pps/article/85/5/270/282974/The-Safety-Tolerability-and-Risks-Associated-with
- https://www.egms.de/static/de/journals/gms/2014-12/000200.shtml
- https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/13/3/38
- https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris
- https://www.drugdangers.com/ssri/
- https://www.sps.nhs.uk/articles/what-is-the-risk-of-gastrointestinal-bleeding-associated-with-selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors-ssris/
