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History’s deadliest king – by Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja
History’s deadliest king – by Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja
History’s deadliest king – by Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja
Leopold II | Biography, Facts, & Legacy [1]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. Leopold II, French in full Léopold-Louis-Philippe-Marie-Victor, Dutch in full Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor, (born April 9, 1835, Brussels, Belgium—died December 17, 1909, Laeken), king of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909
Although he played a significant role in the development of the modern Belgian state, he was also responsible for widespread atrocities committed under his rule against his colonial subjects.. The country of Belgium itself was only about five years old at the birth of Leopold II, who became the eldest surviving son of Leopold I, first king of the Belgians, and his second wife, Louise-Marie of Orléans
For instance, Leopold II was a first cousin of Queen Victoria of Britain. He became duke of Brabant in 1846 and served in the Belgian army
Belgian King Establishes Congo Free State [2]
Feb 5, 1885 CE: Belgian King Establishes Congo Free State. Feb 5, 1885 CE: Belgian King Establishes Congo Free State
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Leopold II of Belgium [3]
Leopold II (French: Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor, Dutch: Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor; 9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909, and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908.. Born in Brussels as the second but eldest-surviving son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans, Leopold succeeded his father to the Belgian throne in 1865 and reigned for 44 years until his death, the longest reign of a Belgian monarch to date
He is popularly referred to as the Builder King (Dutch: Koning-Bouwheer, French: Roi-Bâtisseur) in Belgium in reference to the great number of buildings, urban projects and public works he commissioned.. Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf as a personal union with Belgium
At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorised his claim and committed the Congo Free State to him. Leopold ran the Congo by using the mercenary Force Publique for his personal gain
Congo Free State | Historical State, Imperialism, Africa [4]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. – Western colonialism Association Internationale du Congo
It was created in the 1880s as the private holding of a group of European investors headed by Leopold II, king of the Belgians. The king’s attention was drawn to the region during Henry (later Sir Henry) Morton Stanley’s exploration of the Congo River in 1874–77
Between 1879 and 1882, under the committee’s auspices, Stanley established stations on the upper Congo and opened negotiations with local rulers. By 1884 the Association Internationale du Congo had signed treaties with 450 independent African entities and, on that basis, asserted its right to govern all the territory concerned as an independent state
Belgian King Establishes Congo Free State [5]
Feb 5, 1885 CE: Belgian King Establishes Congo Free State. Feb 5, 1885 CE: Belgian King Establishes Congo Free State
The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.
If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact [email protected] for more information and to obtain a license. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher
Leopold II of Belgium [6]
Leopold II (French: Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor, Dutch: Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor; 9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909, and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908.. Born in Brussels as the second but eldest-surviving son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans, Leopold succeeded his father to the Belgian throne in 1865 and reigned for 44 years until his death, the longest reign of a Belgian monarch to date
He is popularly referred to as the Builder King (Dutch: Koning-Bouwheer, French: Roi-Bâtisseur) in Belgium in reference to the great number of buildings, urban projects and public works he commissioned.. Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf as a personal union with Belgium
At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorised his claim and committed the Congo Free State to him. Leopold ran the Congo by using the mercenary Force Publique for his personal gain
As the sun sank slowly over Brussels, its fading rays glinted off the glass domes and towers of the magnificent Victorian greenhouses in the grounds of the royal palace at Laeken. Built to celebrate King Leopold II’s acquisition of the Congo a century ago, the greenhouses stretch for more than half a mile and are among the most visible and grandiose remaining symbols of a once enormous African empire, 60 times the size of Belgium
It is said that when he showed his nephew the greenhouses, the youth gasped that they were like a little Versailles. But the row over the king’s notorious stewardship of his African territories still has the ability to evoke raw emotions in a country trying to come to terms with a brutal colonial past.
The debate over Belgium’s colonial legacy could not be more timely. In the realm beyond the palace walls where Leopold’s great grandson Albert II is now king, the openly racist extreme rightwing Vlaams Blok, which blames much of the country’s ills on coloured immigrants from Africa, is bidding to become one of the biggest parties in next month’s elections.
King Leopold II: Who was Belgium’s colonial-era monarch and why do some want his statues removed? [8]
Activists want statues of King Leopold II removed from Belgian cities. With racial justice demonstrations taking place around the world following the death of George Floyd in the United States, many activists are demanding countries face up to their past, as well as the problems of the present.
In the UK, a statue of slave trader Edward Colston was thrown into a river in Bristol, sparking a national debate about monuments to racists.. In Belgium, a similar debate that has been in the background for years has suddenly come into sharp focus.
Leopold II was the King of Belgium from 1865 to 1909 – the longest-reigning monarch in the country’s history. Today he is notorious for his personal rule over the Congo Free State, in which millions of Congolese are estimated to have died as he inflicted a regime of violence and exploitation, extracting the country’s wealth for his own personal gain.
Ch 18 Colonial Encounters in Africa, Asia and Oceania [9]
Ch 18 Colonial Encounters in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Your dashboard will track each student’s mastery of each skill.
– automatically assign follow-up activities based on students’ scores. – Q 1/18Score 0King Leopold II became notorious for which of the following?29His playboy lifestyleThe lengths he would go to acquire ivoryHis micromanagement of Belgium’s empireThe exploitation of Africans in the Congo
– Q1King Leopold II became notorious for which of the following?His playboy lifestyleThe lengths he would go to acquire ivoryHis micromanagement of Belgium’s empireThe exploitation of Africans in the Congo60s. – Q2Who was Shaka, and why was he significant?He was the British appointed ruler of the Cape Colony who worked to impose and enforce British policies in Africa.He was the leader of Ethiopia’s resistance to Italian imperialism and was successful in achieving independence for Ethiopia.He was a Zulu leader who revolutionized African warfare and created the largest and most powerful African society in southern Africa in the nineteenth century.He was the leader of a protest against working conditions at the DeBeers’ diamond mines who spread knowledge of the atrocities there throughout Europe.60s
Belgium’s colonial-era King Leopold faces reckoning as anti-racism protests grow [10]
Belgium’s colonial-era King Leopold faces reckoning as anti-racism protests grow. When it comes to ruthless colonialism and racism, few historical figures are more notorious than Leopold II, the Belgian king who held Congo as his personal property and may have been responsible for the deaths of millions of Congolese more than a century ago.
Cities are dotted with his statues and busts, even as evidence of his misdeeds has piled up over the decades.. The protests sweeping the world after George Floyd’s death in the U.S
Leopold is increasingly seen as a stain on the nation over which he reigned from 1865 to 1909. In just the last week, a long-running trickle of dissent that resulted in little more than occasional vandalism has turned into a torrent, with statues of Leopold defaced in a half-dozen cities
The First King of the Belgians – PILOT GUIDES [11]
Born into European royalty , The first King King of the Belgians, Leopold I , reigned for more than 30 years from 1831 until his death in 1865.. He was the youngest son of Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
After Napoleon’s defeat, Leopold moved to the United Kingdom where he married Princess Charlotte of Wales, who was second in line to the British throne and the only legitimate child of the Prince Regent (the future King George IV). Charlotte died after only a year of marriage, but Leopold continued to enjoy considerable status in Britain.
Despite Charlotte’s death, the Prince Regent granted Prince Leopold the British style of Royal Highness. After the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830), Leopold was offered the throne of Greece , a creation of an independent Greek state, but turned it down, believing it to be too precarious
Constitutional Rights Foundation [12]
In 1902, Conrad published his novel, The Heart of Darkness. In this fictional story, a man much like himself travels up a river into a rain forest where he meets a European ivory trader named Kurtz
Conrad attempted to show that the “heart of darkness” lay deep within the Europeans who exploited the land and people of the Congo. But the full story of the Congo Free State not only involves the evil acts committed there, but also the campaign to expose them to world public opinion.
At first, good relations developed between the Portuguese and the several million inhabitants of the Kingdom of the Congo. The Portuguese didn’t want to conquer or colonize the Congo
The Chocolate Hands of Belgium [13]
In the late 1800s the great powers of Europe carved up Africa, grabbing colonies for themselves.. One not-so-great power also got involved: The tiny kingdom of Belgium
Early in life, Leopold set his heart on having a colony – of his own, as a personal possession and source of wealth. The best spots were already taken so Leopold looked at the vast, unmapped interior of Africa
He would save the Congo from evil Arab slave traders. Furthermore, his European allies would also benefit; he promised to open the Congo to free trade.
‘Belgium does owe reparations to the Congo’ [14]
Down To Earth talks to American historian, Adam Hochschild about his book on King Leopold of Belgium whose reign is responsible for the deaths of millions in the Congo. Hollywood actor Ben Affleck has decided to make a movie on the notorious King Leopold II of Belgium under whom, the small European country colonised what is today known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the heart of Africa
Leopold grew immensely rich but at the cost of millions of lives.. Down To Earth spoke to American author, journalist and historian, Adam Hochschild, about his 1998 book ‘King Leopold’s Ghost’, based on which the screenplay of the movie to be directed by Affleck and produced by Martin Scorsese would be based
Both because he’s a very talented director, and because he obviously cares about that part of the world. Some ten years ago he started, and has largely funded, the Eastern Congo Initiative, which supports a number of self-help and development projects in the most war-torn part of this long-suffering country
Congo Free State (1885-1908) • [15]
The Congo Free State, also known as the Independent State of the Congo, was a private possession owned by King Leopold II of Belgium from 1885 to 1908. King Leopold II became interested in the region during Sir Henry Morton Stanley’s exploration of the Congo River between 1874 and 1877
In November 1877, Leopold formed the Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo to open the African interior to European trade along the Congo River. Between 1879 and 1882, Stanley, working for Leopold and the European investors, established stations on the upper Congo, where he opened negotiations with local rulers
Based on these treaties it then asserted its right to govern all the territories comprising the Congo Free State.. During the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 where European nations partitioned the African continent, the region was officially named named the Congo Free State and the Conference recognized Leopold as its sole owner
Leopold II: Belgium ‘wakes up’ to its bloody colonial past [16]
Leopold II: Belgium ‘wakes up’ to its bloody colonial past. Inside the palatial walls of Belgium’s Africa Museum stand statues of Leopold II – each one a monument to the king whose rule killed as many as 10 million Africans.
The museum is largely protected by heritage law but, in the streets outside, monuments to a monarch who seized a huge swathe of Central Africa in 1885 have no such security.. Last week a statue of Leopold II in the city of Antwerp was set on fire, before authorities took it down
Leopold II’s rule in what is now Democratic Republic of Congo was so bloody it was eventually condemned by other European colonialists in 1908 – but it has taken far longer to come under scrutiny at home.. Last week thousands in the country of 11 million joined solidarity protests about the killing of US black man George Floyd in police custody.
Ce magnifique gâteau! (2018) [17]
“This Magnificent Cake” – the title remains as much of an enigma now as it did when I first sat down to watch this Belgian stop-motion animation.. Not only the puppets, but the props and almost the entire set, are constructed using wool or other knitted and woven fabrics, a remarkable achievement in itself
The human puppets have very supple and naturalistic movements and I found them quite believable.. The interlinked stories begin in 1885, and are apparently set in the Congo Free State, although the territory is not referred to by name
According to some estimates, millions of Africans were killed by disease, reprisal killings or other atrocities in those years.. The film is not however an explicit critique of the Congo Free State in particular (the facts of which are presumably well-known to Belgians already) but more of African colonialism generally
Belgian King Returns Mask to Congo in Landmark Visit [18]
Belgian King Returns Mask to Congo in Landmark Visit. But so far, the monarch has not apologized for decades of brutal Belgian rule during which up to 10 million Congolese people died.
King Philippe, on his first visit to the country since assuming the throne in 2013, said that handing over the mask to the Congolese president, Felix Tshisekedi, was an important symbolic step.. But for many Congolese, speaking out on social media, it was not nearly enough
The return of the Kakungu mask, used by the Suku people in the country’s southwest during ceremonies and bought by a Belgian scientist in 1954, was not a full restitution. “I am here to return to you this exceptional work in order to allow Congolese to discover and admire it,” he said.
George Washington Williams and the Origins of Anti-Imperialism [19]
Historian George Washington Williams died in the English coastal town of Blackpool in 1891, frustrated at a moral, political, and social catastrophe he had witnessed, one that would alter the Black radical tradition for good. Williams discovered, in his trips in the Belgian Congo, a problem that had not yet been named: imperialism
The “free state” of Congo was put to work for King Leopold II of Belgium. Children and old men had their hands cut off for the slightest infractions, an indigenous force founded by the king (the notorious Force Publique) could, without reservation, destroy whole villages if they refused to work
Only free in name, every Congolese citizen was effectively still a slave. When George Washington Williams saw this suffering up close, it was as if he was looking into a mirror, a mirror that showed a bygone age he risked his life to abolish
Sources
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-II-king-of-Belgium#:~:text=How%20did%20Leopold%20II%20become,in%20the%20Congo%20Free%20State.
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb5/belgian-king-establishes-congo-free-state/#:~:text=Leopold%20II%20of%20Belgium%20was,poses%20with%20his%20honorary%20sash.&text=Overview%20Vocabulary-,On%20February%205%2C%201885%2C%20Belgian%20King%20Leopold%20II%20established%20the,landmass%20as%20his%20personal%20possession.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium#:~:text=Leopold’s%20administration%20of%20the%20Congo,of%20rubber%20was%20not%20met.
- https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-Free-State
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb5/belgian-king-establishes-congo-free-state/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium
- https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/may/13/features11.g22
- https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/08/king-leopold-ii-who-was-belgium-s-colonial-era-monarch-and-why-do-some-want-his-statues-re
- https://resources.quizalize.com/view/quiz/ch-18-colonial-encounters-in-africa-asia-and-oceania-d8d9885b-6f86-49ed-88fd-3fffc4312f00
- https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-06-11/belgian-king-leopold-faces-reckoning-anti-racism-protests
- https://www.pilotguides.com/articles/the-first-king-of-the-belgians/
- https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-16-2-a-king-leopold-s-heart-of-darkness
- https://karmacolonialism.org/the-chocolate-hands-of-belgium/
- https://www.downtoearth.org.in/interviews/governance/-belgium-does-owe-reparations-to-the-congo–67989
- https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/congo-free-state-1885-1908/
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53017188
- https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7925798/reviews/
- https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/08/world/africa/belgian-king-congo-mask.html
- https://daily.jstor.org/george-washington-williams-and-the-origins-of-anti-imperialism/
