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Causes and Effects of Climate Change | National Geographic
Causes and Effects of Climate Change | National Geographic
Causes and Effects of Climate Change | National Geographic
What causes the Earth’s climate to change? [1]
Geological records show that there have been a number of large variations in the Earth’s climate. These have been caused by many natural factors, including changes in the sun, emissions from volcanoes, variations in Earth’s orbit and levels of carbon dioxide (CO2).
However, research shows that the current climate is changing more rapidly than shown in geological records.. Almost all of the energy that affects the climate on Earth originates from the Sun
Only some of the solar energy intercepted at the top of the atmosphere passes through to the Earth’s surface; some of it is reflected back into space and some is absorbed by the atmosphere.. The energy output of the Sun is not constant: it varies over time and this has an impact on our climate.
Causes of Climate Change [2]
Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural processes, such as changes in the sun’s energy and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth’s climate
Scientists have pieced together a record of the earth’s climate by analyzing a number of indirect measures of climate, such as ice cores, tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments, and by studying changes in the earth’s orbit around the sun.2 This record shows that the climate varies naturally over a wide range of time scales, but this variability does not explain the observed warming since the 1950s. Rather, it is extremely likely (> 95%) that human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming.3
Heat-trapping Greenhouse Gases And The Earth’s Climate. Source: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, 2018
Climate Change Causes: Effects, Long-Term & Consequences [3]
Climate change causes can be split into long-term and short-term causes. Many natural factors cause long-term climate change, including solar variation, greenhouse gasses, and tectonics
Volcanic activity and ENSO cycles can cause short-term changes in the climate.In the twentieth century, the mathematician…. Explore our app and discover over 50 million learning materials for free.
Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen.Jetzt kostenlos anmelden. Climate change causes can be split into long-term and short-term causes
Causes of climate change [4]
Burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests and farming livestock are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth’s temperature.. This adds enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those naturally occurring in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Human-induced global warming is presently increasing at a rate of 0.2°C per decade.. An increase of 2°C compared to the temperature in pre-industrial times is associated with serious negative impacts on to the natural environment and human health and wellbeing, including a much higher risk that dangerous and possibly catastrophic changes in the global environment will occur.
The main driver of climate change is the greenhouse effect. Some gases in the Earth’s atmosphere act a bit like the glass in a greenhouse, trapping the sun’s heat and stopping it from leaking back into space and causing global warming.
Causes of climate change [5]
The evidence is clear: the main cause of climate change is burning fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. When burnt, fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the air, causing the planet to heat up.
Until recently, natural factors have been the cause of these changes. Natural influences on the climate include volcanic eruptions, changes in the orbit of the Earth, and shifts in the Earth’s crust (known as plate tectonics).
Glacial and interglacial periods cycle roughly every 100,000 years, caused by changes in Earth’s orbit around the sun. For the past few thousand years, Earth has been in an interglacial period with a constant temperature.
What Are the Causes of Climate Change? [6]
At the root of climate change is the phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect, the term scientists use to describe the way that certain atmospheric gases “trap” heat that would otherwise radiate upward, from the planet’s surface, into outer space. On the one hand, we have the greenhouse effect to thank for the presence of life on earth; without it, our planet would be cold and unlivable.
The result? A planet that’s warmer right now than at any other point in human history, and getting ever warmer. This global warming has, in turn, dramatically altered natural cycles and weather patterns, with impacts that include extreme heat, protracted drought, increased flooding, more intense storms, and rising sea levels
Detailing and discussing the human causes of climate change isn’t about shaming people, or trying to make them feel guilty for their choices. It’s about defining the problem so that we can arrive at effective solutions
3 Main Natural Causes of Climate Change [7]
Geological records of the past millions of years show some large changes in the climate. The Earth’s climate can be influenced by natural causes that are outside of the climate system, which include changes in solar output, volcanic activity, and our planet’s orbit around the Sun.
The dilemma climate specialists face in the short-term is to separate natural climate variability from anthropogenic climate change.. Volcanic activity is well known to change the climate
Volcanic eruptions can release large quantities of dust and other gases (such as sulphur dioxide) into the atmosphere. Particles from the eruption spread gradually over the globe blocking 5-10% of the sun’s energy.
Natural vs anthropogenic climate change [8]
Climate change is any change occurring to the planet’s climate either permanently or lasting for long periods of time. It is the cumulative total of two related sources: anthropogenic climate change and natural climate change
Earth’s climate has always been driven by the amount of incoming and outgoing energy. Without the influence of humans, the Earth has natural cycles that drive the climate
Another factor to consider are the glacial advances and retreats that occur throughout Earth’s history. In the last 650,000 years, there have been around seven ice ages, the most recent ending around 12,000 years ago.[2] Since then, the Earth has experienced a glacial advance known as the little ice age, which occurred from the 16th century through to the 19th century
Natural Causes of Climate Change [9]
Page Topics: Overview, Temporal Scale, Milankovitch Cycles, Recent Natural Climate Change, The Carbon Cycle, and Plate Tectonics.. Image above: Eruption of the Augustine Volcano (Alaska) on March 27, 2006; image by Cyrus Read for the USGS (public domain).
As we ask and answer the question of why climate changes, we must simultaneously consider the temporal scale of our discussion, that is, the extent of time over which changes occur.. Table: Some common causes of climate change in Earth’s history and their temporal scale.
|Shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun (eccentricity)||hundreds of thousands of years|. |Tilt of Earth’s axis relative to the sun (obliquity)||tens of thousands of years|
Climate Change: The Basics [10]
Weather records from across Canada show that every year since 1998—that’s 20 years ago now—has been warmer than the 20th century average [1]. This means that a whole generation of Canadians has never experienced what most of modern history considered a “normal” Canadian climate.
The data used to calculate the average comes from a variety of sources. Air temperature is recorded around the world at weather stations and by weather balloons
Orbiting satellites continually monitor the ocean and air temperatures all over the world.. Various independent international research organizations collect and carefully analyze these millions of measurements to determine the overall temperature of Earth [2, 3, 4]
What is Climate Change ? [11]
The Earth’s climate is changing and the global climate is projected to continue to change over this century and beyond. The magnitude of climate change beyond the next few decades will depend primarily on the amount of greenhouse (heat-trapping) gases emitted globally and on the remaining uncertainty in the sensitivity of the Earth’s climate to those emissions
However, without major reductions in these emissions, the increase in annual average global temperatures, relative to preindustrial times, could reach 5°C or more by the end of this century.. The global climate continues to change rapidly compared to the pace of the natural variations in climate that have occurred throughout Earth’s history
These observed trends are robust and confirmed by multiple, independent research groups around the world. Figure 1 shows global average temperature anomalies; since the 1880s global average temperature has warmed approximately 1°C.
Climate change: evidence and causes [12]
The Sun serves as the primary energy source for Earth’s climate. Some of the incoming sunlight is reflected directly back into space, especially by bright surfaces such as ice and clouds, and the rest is absorbed by the surface and the atmosphere
The atmosphere in turn absorbs and re-radiates heat, some of which escapes to space. Any disturbance to this balance of incoming and outgoing energy will affect the climate
If all heat energy emitted from the surface passed through the atmosphere directly into space, Earth’s average surface temperature would be tens of degrees colder than today. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, including water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, act to make the surface much warmer than this because they absorb and emit heat energy in all directions (including downwards), keeping Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere warm [Figure B1]
1. Causes of global climate change [13]
Draw up a table to contrast the characteristics of the four layers of the earth’s atmosphere.. Shortwave radiation (visible light) contains a lot of energy; longwave radiation (infrared light) contains less energy than shortwave radiation (shortwave radiation has a shorter wavelength than longwave radation)
The sun emits shortwave radiation because it is extremely hot and has a lot of energy to give off. Once in the Earth’s atmosphere, clouds and the surface absorb the solar energy
Earth emits longwave radiation because Earth is cooler than the sun and has less energy available to give off.. Is There a Connection Between the Ozone Hole and Global Warming?
human and natural factors [14]
Causes of climate change – human and natural factors. A natural function of the Earth’s atmosphere is to keep in some of the heat that is lost from the Earth
– The Earth’s surface then gives off heat (long-wave radiation).. – This heat is trapped by greenhouse gases (eg methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide), which radiate the heat back towards Earth.
– Burning fossil fuels, eg coal, gas and oil – these release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.. – Deforestation – trees absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING [15]
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It is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, and farming.. When we burn fossil fuels like coal, and gas to create electricity or power our cars, we release CO2 pollution into the atmosphere
Our level of CO2 pollution per person is nearly double the average of other developed nations and more than four times the world average. Electricity generation is the main cause of carbon pollution in Australia as 73% of our electricity comes from burning coal and 13% from burning gas
25.4.2: Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change [16]
25.4.2: Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change. – Summarize the effects of the Industrial Revolution on global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
– List two or more greenhouse gases and describe their role in the greenhouse effect. All biomes are universally affected by global conditions, such as climate, that ultimately shape each biome’s environment
Global climate change is the term used to describe altered global weather patterns, including a worldwide increase in temperature, due largely to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.. A common misconception about global climate change is that a specific weather event occurring in a particular region (for example, a very cool week in June in central Indiana) is evidence of global climate change
What Is Global Warming? [17]
Glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, cloud forests are dying, and wildlife is scrambling to keep pace. It has become clear that humans have caused most of the past century’s warming by releasing heat-trapping gases as we power our modern lives
We often call the result global warming, but it is causing a set of changes to the Earth’s climate, or long-term weather patterns, that varies from place to place. While many people think of global warming and climate change as synonyms, scientists use “climate change” when describing the complex shifts now affecting our planet’s weather and climate systems—in part because some areas actually get cooler in the short term.
All of those changes are emerging as humans continue to add heat-trapping greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, changing the rhythms of climate that all living things have come to rely on.. What will we do—what can we do—to slow this human-caused warming? How will we cope with the changes we’ve already set into motion? While we struggle to figure it all out, the fate of the Earth as we know it—coasts, forests, farms, and snow-capped mountains—hangs in the balance.
Global Warming vs. Climate Change [18]
“Climate change” and “global warming” are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings. Similarly, the terms “weather” and “climate” are sometimes confused, though they refer to events with broadly different spatial- and timescales.
Weather refers to atmospheric conditions that occur locally over short periods of time—from minutes to hours or days. Familiar examples include rain, snow, clouds, winds, floods, or thunderstorms.
Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s surface observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere. This term is not interchangeable with the term “climate change.”
How We Know Today’s Climate Change Is Not Natural [19]
Last week, the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, chaired by climate contrarian Lamar Smith, R-Texas, held a hearing on climate science. The hearing featured three scientists who are dubious about the conclusions of the majority of climate scientists, and climate scientist Michael Mann, best known for his “hockey stick graph” of temperatures over the last thousand years illustrating the impact of humans on global warming.
Despite the many climate “skeptics” in key positions of power today, 97 percent of working climate scientists agree that the warming of Earth’s climate over the last 100 years is mainly due to human activity that has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Earth’s climate has changed naturally over the past 650,000 years, moving in and out of ice ages and warm periods
The ice ages and shifting climate were caused by a combination of changes in solar output, Earth’s orbit, ocean circulation, albedo (the reflectivity of the Earth’s surface) and makeup of the atmosphere (the amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases such as water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone that are present).. Scientists can track these earlier natural changes in climate by examining ice cores drilled from Greenland and Antarctica, which provide evidence about conditions as far back as 800,000 years ago
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