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DUB-SAR, the ancient scribe: Sumerian tools for writing (related Sumerian words)
DUB-SAR, the ancient scribe: Sumerian tools for writing (related Sumerian words)
Where Did Writing Come From? [1]
In a world in which immediate access to words and information is taken for granted, it is hard to imagine a time when writing began.. Archaeological discoveries in ancient Mesopotamia (now mostly modern Iraq) show the initial power and purpose of writing, from administrative and legal functions to poetry and literature.
The earliest known writing was invented there around 3400 B.C. The development of a Sumerian script was influenced by local materials: clay for tablets and reeds for styluses (writing tools)
Even after Sumerian died out as a spoken language around 2000 B.C., it survived as a scholarly language and script. Other peoples within and near Mesopotamia, from Turkey, Syria, and Egypt to Iran, adopted the later version of this script developed by the Akkadians (the first recognizable Semitic people), who succeeded the Sumerians as rulers of Mesopotamia
Cuneiform Tablets: From the Reign of Gudea of Lagash to Shalmanassar III [2]
Cuneiform Tablets: From the Reign of Gudea of Lagash to Shalmanassar III presents clay tablets, cones, and brick fragments inscribed using the ancient writing system known as cuneiform from the Library of Congress’ collections. The Sumerians invented this writing system, which involves the use of a wedge-shaped reed stylus to make impressions in clay
This online presentation features 38 cuneiform tablets, presented with supplementary materials. The 38 tablets are dated from the reign of Gudea of Lagash (2144-2124 B.C.) to Shalmanassar III (858-824 B.C.) during the New Assyrian Empire (884-612 B.C.).
Cuneiform, an ancient writing system, involves the use of a reed to make impressions in clay.. Cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians, who thrived during the third millennium B.C
Wikipedia [3]
A reed pen (Greek: κάλαμοι kalamoi; singular κάλαμος kalamos) is a writing implement made by cutting and shaping a single reed straw or length of bamboo.. Reed pens with regular features such as a split nib have been found in Ancient Egyptian sites dating from the 4th century BC
In Mesopotamia and Sumer, reed pens were used by pressing the tips into clay tablets to create written records, using cuneiform.[2]. To make a reed pen, scribes would take an undamaged piece of reed about 20 cm long, and leave the end that would be cut into point in water for some time
They crafted a series of cuts that would cut the nib of the pen until it was flat enough, and pointed. The pointed end was then cut off, not too far from the point, to form a squared end suitable for writing
Writing – Sumerian, Cuneiform, Pictographs [4]
Click Here to see full-size tableThe outline of the development of the Sumerian writing system has been worked out by paleographers. It has long been known that the earliest writing system in the world was Sumerian script, which in its later stages was known as cuneiform
The French American archaeologist Denise Schmandt-Besserat, building on a hypothesis advanced by the Assyriologist Pierre Amiet of the Louvre, demonstrated a series of small steps leading from the use of tokens for simple bookkeeping purposes to the development of written tablets on which graphs of the script stand for morphemes of spoken Sumerian. Archaeologists have discovered in lower Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq) large numbers of small, distinctively shaped clay objects
A greatly elaborated set of these clay shapes—some shaped like jars and some like various animals and occasionally inserted in clay envelopes—dates from 3500 bce, about the time of the rise of cities. Some of the envelopes have markings that correspond to the clay shapes inside
The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia: Emergence and Evolution [5]
The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia: Emergence and Evolution. The earliest writing systems evolved independently and at roughly the same time in Egypt and Mesopotamia, but current scholarship suggests that Mesopotamia’s writing appeared first
At first, this writing was representational: a bull might be represented by a picture of a bull, and a pictograph of barley signified the word barley. Though writing began as pictures, this system was inconvenient for conveying anything other than simple nouns, and it became increasingly abstract as it evolved to encompass more abstract concepts, eventually taking form in the world’s earliest writing: cuneiform
Cuneiform came to function both phonetically (representing a sound) and semantically (representing a meaning such as an object or concept) rather than only representing objects directly as a picture.. This lesson plan, intended for use in the teaching of world history in the middle grades, is designed to help students appreciate the parallel development and increasing complexity of writing and civilization in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys in ancient Mesopotamia
Cuneiform (article) [6]
The earliest writing we know of dates back to around 3000 B.C.E. and was probably invented by the Sumerians, living in major cities with centralized economies in what is now southern Iraq
Temple officials needed to keep records of the grain, sheep, and cattle entering or leaving their stores and farms and it became impossible to rely on memory. So, an alternative method was required and the very earliest texts were pictures of the items scribes needed to record (known as pictographs).
(© Trustees of the British Museum) The symbol for beer, an upright jar with pointed base, appears three times on the tablet. Beer was the most popular drink in Mesopotamia and was issued as rations to workers
How did technology help the Sumerians? [7]
In what the Greeks later called Mesopotamia, Sumerians invented new technologies and perfected the large-scale use of existing ones. In the process, they transformed how humans cultivated food, built dwellings, communicated and kept track of information and time.
– 2 What advances did the Sumerians make in technology?. – 3 How did Sumerian advances in technology help shape society in the fertile crescent?
– 7 What was the first thing that the Sumerians accomplished?. – 8 How did science and technology affect the Babylonian civilization?
Writing – Sumerian, Cuneiform, Pictographs [8]
Click Here to see full-size tableThe outline of the development of the Sumerian writing system has been worked out by paleographers. It has long been known that the earliest writing system in the world was Sumerian script, which in its later stages was known as cuneiform
The French American archaeologist Denise Schmandt-Besserat, building on a hypothesis advanced by the Assyriologist Pierre Amiet of the Louvre, demonstrated a series of small steps leading from the use of tokens for simple bookkeeping purposes to the development of written tablets on which graphs of the script stand for morphemes of spoken Sumerian. Archaeologists have discovered in lower Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq) large numbers of small, distinctively shaped clay objects
A greatly elaborated set of these clay shapes—some shaped like jars and some like various animals and occasionally inserted in clay envelopes—dates from 3500 bce, about the time of the rise of cities. Some of the envelopes have markings that correspond to the clay shapes inside
Sumerian Writing and Cuneiform [9]
The first system of writing was invented by the Sumerians. The main reason the Sumerians came up with this system was through necessity
Transactions had to be recorded and it was vital for rulers governing a city-state to have a way of keeping its own records.. Later this form of writing was adapted to other languages in Mesopotamia, such as Assyrian and Babylonian.
This was long before human beings started to use paper and ink pens as we do today.. Some of them were flat while others were similar to prisms and cylinders
Cuneiform Tablets: From the Reign of Gudea of Lagash to Shalmanassar III [10]
Cuneiform Tablets: From the Reign of Gudea of Lagash to Shalmanassar III presents clay tablets, cones, and brick fragments inscribed using the ancient writing system known as cuneiform from the Library of Congress’ collections. The Sumerians invented this writing system, which involves the use of a wedge-shaped reed stylus to make impressions in clay
This online presentation features 38 cuneiform tablets, presented with supplementary materials. The 38 tablets are dated from the reign of Gudea of Lagash (2144-2124 B.C.) to Shalmanassar III (858-824 B.C.) during the New Assyrian Empire (884-612 B.C.).
Cuneiform, an ancient writing system, involves the use of a reed to make impressions in clay.. Cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians, who thrived during the third millennium B.C
Cuneiform [11]
|Languages||Sumerian, Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian, Urartian, Palaic, Aramaic, Old Persian|. |None; influenced the shape of Ugaritic and Old Persian glyphs|
Cuneiform[note 1] is a logo-syllabic script that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East.[4] The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era.[5] It is named for the characteristic wedge-shaped impressions (Latin: cuneus) which form its signs. Cuneiform was originally developed to write the Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)
Over the course of its history, cuneiform was adapted to write a number of languages in addition to Sumerian. Akkadian texts are attested from the 24th century BC onward and make up the bulk of the cuneiform record.[8][9] Akkadian cuneiform was itself adapted to write the Hittite language in the early second millennium BC.[10][11] The other languages with significant cuneiform corpora are Eblaite, Elamite, Hurrian, Luwian, and Urartian
Ancient Mesopotamia: Writing [12]
As Sumerian towns grew into cities, the people needed a way to keep track of business transactions, ownership rights, and government records. Around 3300 BC the Sumerians began to use picture symbols marked into clay tablets to keep their records.
Scribes would take a stylus (a stick made from a reed) and press the lines and symbols into soft, moist clay. Once they were done, they would let the clay harden and they had a permanent record.
For example, a drawing of a person’s head, meant the word “head”. Over time, however, the writing of the Sumerians further developed to include sounds and meanings
Clay tablet [13]
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ṭuppu(m) 𒁾)[1] were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.. Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed (reed pen)
Later, these unfired clay tablets could be soaked in water and recycled into new clean tablets. Other tablets, once written, were either deliberately fired in hot kilns, or inadvertently fired when buildings were burnt down by accident or during conflict, making them hard and durable
Tens of thousands of written tablets, including many fragments, have been found in the Middle East.[2][3]. Surviving tablet-based documents from the Minoan/Mycenaean civilizations, are mainly those which were used for accounting
The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia: Emergence and Evolution [14]
The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia: Emergence and Evolution. The earliest writing systems evolved independently and at roughly the same time in Egypt and Mesopotamia, but current scholarship suggests that Mesopotamia’s writing appeared first
At first, this writing was representational: a bull might be represented by a picture of a bull, and a pictograph of barley signified the word barley. Though writing began as pictures, this system was inconvenient for conveying anything other than simple nouns, and it became increasingly abstract as it evolved to encompass more abstract concepts, eventually taking form in the world’s earliest writing: cuneiform
Cuneiform came to function both phonetically (representing a sound) and semantically (representing a meaning such as an object or concept) rather than only representing objects directly as a picture.. This lesson plan, intended for use in the teaching of world history in the middle grades, is designed to help students appreciate the parallel development and increasing complexity of writing and civilization in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys in ancient Mesopotamia
Life in Sumer [ushistory.org] [15]
These accomplishments and more were the products of the city-states of Sumer, which arose on the flood plains of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians began to build their walled cities and make significant advances beginning around 3500 B.C.E.
Sumerian culture and technology did not disappear but were adopted by its conquerors.. Located in what the ancient Greeks called Mesopotamia, which literally means “the land between the rivers,” Sumer was a collection of city-states that occupied the southernmost portion of Mesopotamia
The physical environment there has remained relatively the same since about 8000 B.C.E. The ground is primarily made up of sand and silt, with no rock
9 Ancient Sumerian Inventions That Changed the World [16]
The ancient Sumerians, who flourished thousands of years ago between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what today is southern Iraq, built a civilization that in some ways was the ancient equivalent of Silicon Valley. As the late historian Samuel Noah Kramer wrote, “The people of Sumer had an unusual flair for technological invention.”
In the process, they transformed how humans cultivated food, built dwellings, communicated and kept track of information and time.. The Sumerians’ creativity was driven to an extent by their land’s lack of natural resources, according to Philip Jones, associate curator and keeper of the Babylonian section at the Penn Museum in Philadelphia.
That forced them to make ingenious use of materials such as clay—the plastic of the ancient world. They used it to make everything from bricks to pottery to tablets for writing.
Cuneiform Writing Techniques [CDLI Wiki] [17]
(For an expanded version of this page, see https://cuneiform.neocities.org/CWT/CWT.html). When cuneiform writing was first invented in ancient Sumer, the scribes scratched signs on the moist clay by means of a pointed instrument (fig
By doing so, they gave birth to the basic element of the cuneiform script: the ‘wedge’.. By appearance, wedges are tiny impressions of pyramidal shape
The wedge can therefore be abstracted as a tetrahedron, and the stylus’ writing tip as a polyhedral cone (fig. The Sumerian word for stylus, ‘tablet-reed’ (GI DUB(-BA), Akkadian qantuppi), betrays the origin of the tool
Cuneiform Writing: How Clay And Reeds Changed the World [18]
Cuneiform writing was the most widespread form of written communication created and used in the ancient Middle East. Clay cuneiform tablets and reed styluses were used to produce something that had great historical significance and contributed to the development of many modern writing forms.
To create cuneiform symbols and letters, writers would use a stylus to press wedge-shaped symbols into soft clay tablets. These shapes represented various “word-signs,” also known as pictographs, and, later, “word-concepts,” the closest approximation to modern-day words.
Instead, people began writing in horizontal rows using the wedge shape to push signs into the malleable clay. That method was far easier to maintain than the original carving of symbols into clay with a sharpened reed, allowing cuneiform to spread farther across the Middle East than any writing system that came before it.
Reading Practice: The origin of ancient writing [19]
– The Sumerians, an ancient people of the Middle East, had a story explaining the invention of writing more than 5,000 years ago. It seems a messenger of the King of Uruk arrived at the court of a distant ruler so exhausted that he was unable to deliver the oracle message
A charming story, whose retelling at a recent symposium at the University of Pennsylvania amused scholars. They smiled at the absurdity of a letter which the recipient would not have been able to read.
Writing more likely began as a separate, symbolic system of communication and only later merged with spoken language.. – Yet in the story the Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, seemed to understand writing’s transforming function
Sources
- https://www.getty.edu/news/where-did-writing-come-from/#:~:text=The%20development%20of%20a%20Sumerian,for%20styluses%20(writing%20tools).
- https://www.loc.gov/collections/cuneiform-tablets/about-this-collection/#:~:text=The%20Sumerians%20invented%20this%20writing,accounting%20records%2C%20and%20commemorative%20inscriptions.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_pen#:~:text=In%20Mesopotamia%20and%20Sumer%2C%20reed,in%20water%20for%20some%20time.
- https://www.britannica.com/topic/writing/Sumerian-writing#:~:text=It%20has%20long%20been%20known,stages%20was%20known%20as%20cuneiform.
- https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/cuneiform-writing-system-ancient-mesopotamia-emergence-and-evolution#:~:text=The%20English%20word%20cuneiform%20comes,phonetic%20as%20well%20as%20representational.
- https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-east1/the-ancient-near-east-an-introduction/a/cuneiform
- https://c1thule-bd.edu.vn/how-did-technology-help-the-sumerians/
- https://www.britannica.com/topic/writing/Sumerian-writing
- https://www.historyforkids.net/sumerian-writing-and-cuneiform.html
- https://www.loc.gov/collections/cuneiform-tablets/about-this-collection/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform
- https://www.ducksters.com/history/mesopotamia/sumerian_writing.php
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_tablet
- https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/cuneiform-writing-system-ancient-mesopotamia-emergence-and-evolution
- https://www.ushistory.org/civ/4a.asp
- https://www.history.com/news/sumerians-inventions-mesopotamia
- http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=cuneiform_writing_techniques
- https://www.thecollector.com/cuneiform-writing-how-clay-and-reeds-changed-the-world/
- https://www.ieltsvietop.vn/blog/the-origin-of-ancient-writing/
