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Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA structure
Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA structure
Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA structure
Exploring the Chemistry of Genetic Information Storage and Propagation through Polymerase Engineering [1]
Exploring the Chemistry of Genetic Information Storage and Propagation through Polymerase Engineering. Nucleic acids are a distinct form of sequence-defined biopolymer
In nature, just two closely related nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, function as repositories and carriers of genetic information. They therefore are the molecular embodiment of biological information
To address this question, chemists have created a panoply of synthetic nucleic acids comprising unnatural sugar ring congeners, backbone linkages, and nucleobases in order to establish the molecular parameters for encoding genetic information and its emergence at the origin of life. A deeper analysis of the potential of these synthetic genetic polymers for molecular heredity requires a means of replication and a determination of the fidelity of information transfer
3.5: Nucleic Acids [2]
– Describe the structure of nucleic acids and define the two types of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals
In prokaryotes, the DNA is not enclosed in a membranous envelope.. The entire genetic content of a cell is known as its genome, and the study of genomes is genomics
The Biological Building Blocks [3]
As will be discussed later, humans are made up of many millions of cells. In order to understand what goes wrong in cancer, it is important to understand how normal cells work
First we will introduce the common building blocks of cells. All cells, regardless of their function or location in the body, share common features and processes
Shown above is a cell surrounded by examples of these building block molecules.. Since they are present in living things these building blocks are called biomolecules
Nucleic acids (article) [4]
Nucleic acids, and DNA in particular, are key macromolecules for the continuity of life. DNA bears the hereditary information that’s passed on from parents to children, providing instructions for how (and when) to make the many proteins needed to build and maintain functioning cells, tissues, and organisms.
Here, we’ll just take a quick look at nucleic acids from the macromolecule perspective.. Nucleic acids, macromolecules made out of units called nucleotides, come in two naturally occurring varieties: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Some viruses use RNA, not DNA, as their genetic material, but aren’t technically considered to be alive (since they cannot reproduce without help from a host).. In eukaryotes, such as plants and animals, DNA is found in the nucleus, a specialized, membrane-bound vault in the cell, as well as in certain other types of organelles (such as mitochondria and the chloroplasts of plants)
Nucleic acid | Definition, Function, Structure, & Types [5]
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.. What nitrogen-containing bases occur in nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are the main information-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics of every living thing. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells, where it plays an important role in certain processes such as the making of proteins.. This article covers the chemistry of nucleic acids, describing the structures and properties that allow them to serve as the transmitters of genetic information
Nucleic acid [6]
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, macromolecules, essential to all known forms of life.[1] They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomer components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleic acids are chemical compounds that are found in nature. They carry information in cells and make up genetic material
In turn, they send and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus. From the inner workings of the cell to the young of a living thing, they contain and provide information via the nucleic acid sequence
Nucleic Acids [7]
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information
A related type of nucleic acid, called ribonucleic acid (RNA), comes in different molecular forms that play multiple cellular roles, including protein synthesis.. Believe it or not, there are many songs devoted to nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are made of nitrogen-containing bases, phosphate groups, and sugar molecules. Each type of nucleic acid has a distinctive structure and plays a different role in our cells
DNA vs. RNA – 5 Key Differences and Comparison [8]
Complete the form below to unlock access to ALL audio articles.. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are perhaps the most important molecules in cell biology, responsible for the storage and reading of genetic information that underpins all life
These distinctions enable the two molecules to work together and fulfil their essential roles. Here, we look at 5 key differences between DNA and RNA
Figure 1: A comparison of the helix and base structure of RNA and DNA. |Full Name||Deoxyribonucleic Acid||Ribonucleic Acid|
DNA vs. RNA [9]
DNA and RNA are both types of nucleic acids, large molecules that are made up of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleic acids are used to store genetic information, which the cell uses to make proteins
DNA and RNA are both types of nucleic acids, which are large molecules found in all living cells and viruses.. Nucleic acids are the information-carrying molecules of the cell
They also play important roles in essential cellular processes, such as cell division and protein synthesis.. It is the information molecule and stores all the genetic material of a cell
hillis2e [10]
Nucleic acids are polymers that store, transmit, and express hereditary (genetic) information. This information is encoded in the sequences of monomers that make up nucleic acids
Through RNA intermediates, the information encoded in DNA is used to specify the amino acid sequences of proteins. As you will see later in this chapter, proteins are essential for both metabolism and structure
Ultimately, nucleic acids and the proteins encoded by them determine the metabolic functions of an organism.. Nucleic acids are polymers composed of monomers called nucleotides
8.2: Storing Genetic Information [11]
What you’ll learn to do: Explain how DNA stores genetic information. The unique structure of DNA is key to its ability to store and replicated genetic information:
– Relate the structure of DNA to the storage of genetic information. The important components of each nucleotide are a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group (see Figure 2)
The nitrogenous base can be a purine, such as adenine (A) and guanine (G), or a pyrimidine, such as cytosine (C) and thymine (T). Uracil (U) is also a pyrimidine (as seen in Figure 2), but it only occurs in RNA, which we will talk more about later.
3.5 Nucleic Acids – Biology for AP® Courses [12]
In this section, you will investigate the following questions:. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) comprise the fourth group of biological macromolecules and contain phosphorus (P) in addition to carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
As will be explored in more detail in Chapters 14-17, DNA contains the instructions for the synthesis of proteins by dictating the sequences of amino acids in polypeptides through processes known as transcription and translation. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides; in turn, each nucleotide consists of a pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), a nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine or uracil), and a phosphate group
DNA has a double-helical structure with the two strands running in opposite directions (antiparallel), connected by hydrogen bonds and complementary to each other. In DNA, purines pair with pyrimidines: adenine pairs with thymine (A-T), and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G)
2.3 Biological Molecules – Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition [13]
– Describe the ways in which carbon is critical to life. – Explain the impact of slight changes in amino acids on organisms
– Understand the functions of the four major types of molecules. The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological macromolecules
Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon
DNA is only one among millions of possible genetic molecules [14]
Biology encodes information in DNA and RNA, which are complex molecules finely tuned to their functions. But are they the only way to store hereditary molecular information? Some scientists believe life as we know it could not have existed before there were nucleic acids, thus understanding how they came to exist on the primitive Earth is a fundamental goal of basic research
Other nucleic acid-like polymers are known, yet much remains unknown regarding possible alternatives for hereditary information storage. Using sophisticated computational methods, scientists from the Earth-Life Science Institute (ELSI) at the Tokyo Institute of Technology, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Emory University explored the “chemical neighbourhood” of nucleic acid analogues
The molecules revealed by this study could be further modified to gives hundreds of millions of potential pharmaceutical drug leads.. Nucleic acids were first identified in the 19th century, but their composition, biological role and function were not understood by scientists until the 20th century
3.3: Nucleic Acids- Information Molecules [15]
You may have heard that something is “encoded in your DNA.” What does that mean?. Essentially the “instructions” or “blueprints” of life
Half of these blueprints come from your mother, and half from your father. Therefore, every person that has ever lived – except for identical twins – has his or her own unique set of blueprints – or instructions – or DNA.
Many nucleotides bind together to form a chain called a polynucleotide. The nucleic acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) consists of two polynucleotide chains
How do genes direct the production of proteins?: MedlinePlus Genetics [16]
Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce regulatory molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell
Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.. During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene’s DNA is passed to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus
The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.. Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm
Important Biomolecules [17]
Your hair, skin, muscles, and organs are composed mostly of. Proteins are strong yet flexible, and they have a complex
Amino acids have an NH2 (amine) group on one end, a H-O-C=O. (carboxyl) group on the other end, making it acidic, and an R group
are important to humans, and all proteins are made from combinations. In the poly-peptide chain shown below, can you see the individual amino acids that are strung together in a repeating N-C-C pattern? Between the terminal C of one amino acid and the N of the next one, energy from ATP is used to pull the O-H from the C, and the H from the N, forming H2O and joining them in a peptide bond, lengthening the chain
Revealing DNA as the molecule of life [18]
Scientists initially thought that DNA was too simple a molecule to be able to carry genetic information.. For the first half of the 20th century, scientists continued to believe that the proteins in chromosomes formed the basis of the genetic information that was passed from generation to generation
However, a series of experiments conducted by various groups of scientists started to reveal that in fact it was DNA, not protein, that carries the genetic information.. In 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty helped demonstrate the role of DNA as the carrier of genetic information by working with the bacterium that causes pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae.
However, their work was given a head start by a British bacteriologist called Frederick Griffith, who identified something called the ‘transforming principle’.. Frederick studied two strains of the Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria
Chapter 8: The Major Macromolecules [19]
Within all lifeforms on Earth, from the tiniest bacterium to the giant sperm whale, there are four major classes of organic macromolecules that are always found and are essential to life. These are the carbohydrates, lipids (or fats), proteins, and nucleic acids
In Chapter 6, you were introduced to the polymers of life and their building block structures, as shown below in Figure 11.1. Recall that the monomer units for building the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are the nucleotide bases, whereas the monomers for proteins are amino acids, for carbohydrates are sugar residues, and for lipids are fatty acids or acetyl groups.
You will find that the major macromolecules are held together by the same chemical linkages that you’ve been exploring in Chapters 9 and 10, and rely heavily on dehydration synthesis for their formation, and hydrolysis for their breakdown.. Figure 11.1: The Molecular building blocks of life are made from organic compounds.
What Are Nucleic Acids? — Structure & Function – Expii [20]
What Are Nucleic Acids? — Structure & Function – Expii. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information
Biology for Majors I [21]
In this outcome, you will learn to describe the double helix structure of DNA: its sugar-phosphate backbone ladder with nitrogenous base “rungs” of ladder.. – Relate the structure of DNA to the storage of genetic information
The important components of each nucleotide are a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group (see Figure 1). Each nucleotide is named depending on its nitrogenous base
Uracil (U) is also a pyrimidine (as seen in Figure 1), but it only occurs in RNA, which we will talk more about later.. Purines have a double ring structure with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
Biomolecules- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids and Lipids [22]
Biomolecules are the most essential organic molecules, which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms. These non-living molecules are the actual foot-soldiers of the battle of sustenance of life
There are four major classes of Biomolecules – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids and Lipids. Carbohydrates are chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds which produce them on hydrolysis
They are collectively called as saccharides (Greek: sakcharon = sugar). Depending on the number of constituting sugar units obtained upon hydrolysis, they are classified as monosaccharides (1 unit), oligosaccharides (2-10 units) and polysaccharides (more than 10 units)
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