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The role of hybridisation in hominin morphology
The role of hybridisation in hominin morphology
The role of hybridisation in hominin morphology
Neanderthals in Southwest Asia [1]
Southwest Asian Neanderthals were Neanderthals who lived in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Iraq, and Iran – the southernmost expanse of the known Neanderthal range. Although their arrival in Asia is not well-dated, early Neanderthals occupied the region apparently until about 100,000 years ago
In their turn, starting around 80,000 years ago, Neanderthals seem to have returned and replaced Homo sapiens in Southwest Asia. They inhabited the region until about 55,000 years ago.[1]
Remains in Turkey, Lebanon, and Iran are fragmentary. No Neanderthal skeletal remains have ever been found to the south of Jerusalem, and although there are Middle Palaeolithic Levallois points in Jordan and in the Arabian peninsula, it is unclear whether these were made by Neanderthals or by anatomically modern humans.[1] Neanderthals living further to the east, such as those found in present-day Uzbekistan[2][3] and Asian Russia[4][5] are known as Central and North Asian Neanderthals.
Who were the Neanderthals? [2]
You will be able to access your list from any article in Discover.. Human evolution expert Prof Chris Stringer has studied Neanderthals his entire career
We know more facts about Neanderthals than any other extinct humans. Many thousands of their artefacts and fossils have been found, including several nearly complete skeletons.
Neanderthals were humans like us, but they were a distinct species called Homo neanderthalensis.. Together with an Asian people known as Denisovans, Neanderthals are our closest ancient human relatives
Learn Science at Scitable [3]
Neanderthals are a hominin species that existed for at least 200,000 years throughout Europe and western Asia, and disappeared about 27,000 years ago (ya). During this time, they witnessed some of the coldest climatic conditions ever known in these regions
They excelled at hunting animals and making complex stone tools, and their bones reveal that they were extremely muscular and strong, but led hard lives, suffering frequent injuries. There is no doubt that Neanderthals were an intelligent species, successfully adapted to their environment for over 200 millenia
Neanderthals’ frequent use and mastery of Levallois technology demonstrates that they were expert knappers who had the cognitive abilities necessary to design and execute complex knapping sequences. In addition to Levallois technology (Boëda 1994, 1995), other MP flaking technologies have been identified, such as blade, discoidal, Quina, and bifacial technologies (see Delagnes & Meignen 2006, and references therein).
Morphology, body proportions, and postcranial hypertrophy of a female Neandertal from the Sima de las Palomas, southeastern Spain [4]
Morphology, body proportions, and postcranial hypertrophy of a female Neandertal from the Sima de las Palomas, southeastern Spain. – supp_108_25_10087__index.html (891 bytes)GUID: 4203EF08-475F-4E45-B85B-6258789B22551107318108_sapp.pdf (1.5M)GUID: 2AC26E97-67A1-441A-B654-8140441599D2
The 2006 and 2007 excavation of an articulated partial skeleton of a small adult female Neandertal at the Sima de las Palomas, Murcia, southeastern Spain (Sima de las Palomas 96) provides substantial and secure information on body proportions among southern European Neandertals, as well as further documenting the nature of Neandertal biology in southern Iberia. The remains exhibit a suite of cranial, mandibular, dental, and postcranial features, of both Neandertals and archaic Homo generally, that distinguish them from contemporary and subsequent early modern humans
Its body proportions, including relative clavicular length, distal limb segment lengths, and body mass to stature indicators, conform to the “cold-adapted” pattern of more northern Neandertals. Palomas 96 therefore documents the presence of a suite of “Neandertal” characteristics in southern Iberia and, along with its small body size, the more “Arctic” body proportions of other European Neandertals despite the warmer climate of southern Iberia during marine isotope stage 3.
Homo neanderthalensis – The Neanderthals [5]
Neanderthals co-existed with modern humans for long periods of time before eventually becoming extinct about 28,000 years ago. The unfortunate stereotype of these people as dim-witted and brutish cavemen still lingers in popular ideology but research has revealed a more nuanced picture.
– early Homo neanderthalensis from about 300,000 years ago. – classic Homo neanderthalensis from about 130,000 years ago
The first Neanderthal fossil was found in 1829, but it was not recognised as a possible human ancestor until more fossils were discovered during the second half of the 19th century. Since then, thousands of fossils representing the remains of many hundreds of Neanderthal individuals have been recovered from sites across Europe and the Middle East
Of Tongues and Men: A Review of Morphological Evidence for the Evolution of Language [6]
Lou Albessard-Ball , Antoine Balzeau, Of Tongues and Men: A Review of Morphological Evidence for the Evolution of Language, Journal of Language Evolution, Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2018, Pages 79–89, https://doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzy001. Of the characteristics of the species Homo sapiens relative to other living animals, the use of articulated language is among the most striking
Other living species have evolved complex vocalisations (e.g. songbirds) or can be trained to respond to spoken commands (e.g
great apes), but none have evolved articulated speech, and none can be taught how to talk. Tracking the emergence of language and determining which fossil hominin species used a full-fledged articulated language and which did not are somewhat of a challenge
Neanderthal [7]
|An approximate reconstruction of a Neanderthal skeleton. The central rib-cage (including the sternum) and parts of the pelvis are from modern humans.|
Neanderthals (/niˈændərˌtɑːl, neɪ-, -ˌθɑːl/;[7] Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis), also written as Neandertals, are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.[8][9][10][11] The reasons for Neanderthal extinction are disputed.[12][13] Theories for their extinction include demographic factors such as small population size and inbreeding, competitive replacement,[14] interbreeding and assimilation with modern humans,[15] climate change,[16][17][18] disease,[19][20] or a combination of these factors.[18]
The oldest potential Neanderthal bones date to 430,000 years ago, but the classification remains uncertain.[23] Neanderthals are known from numerous fossils, especially from after 130,000 years ago.[24] The type specimen, Neanderthal 1, was found in 1856 in the Neander Valley in present-day Germany. For much of the early 20th century, European researchers depicted Neanderthals as primitive, unintelligent, and brutish
The Smithsonian Institution’s Human Origins Program [8]
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is arguably one of the most useful tools that scientists can use to understand living organisms. Our genetic code can tell us a lot about who we are, where come from, and even what diseases we may be predisposed to contracting and acquiring
However, DNA is a fragile molecule, and it degrades over time. For most fossil species, there is essentially no hope of ever acquiring DNA from their fossils, so answers to questions about their appearance, physiology, population structure, and more may never be fully answerable
One such species is Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis.. Neanderthals were the first species of fossil hominins discovered and have secured their place in our collective imagination ever since
Sources
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthals_in_Southwest_Asia#:~:text=No%20Neanderthal%20skeletal%20remains%20have,or%20by%20anatomically%20modern%20humans.
- https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html#:~:text=Neanderthals%20had%20a%20long%2C%20low,a%20very%20big%2C%20wide%20nose.
- https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/neanderthal-behavior-59267999/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121844/
- https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/homo-neanderthalensis/
- https://academic.oup.com/jole/article/3/1/79/4828182
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal
- http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/ancient-dna-and-neanderthals
